No Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

No - Essay Example sis shall in addition provide a discussion on the suggestions of what are to be done in order to improve the profit performance of the industry in the future. The following analyses are the probable reasons for the reduction of the industry’s profit according to the London’s time and tide (2011) newspaper explanation. According to the Excellence Clothing Company journal of 2014, there is a general decrease in base of revenue for the company. The revenue of the industry declined from  £255063 to  £215623 from the years 2013 to 2014. Since profit is a direct related function of revenue, that is profit = revenue – cost (cost of sales). Such a reduction in revenue consequently leads to loss realization or profit decline. There can be quite a number of factors that may lead to such a reduction in revenues. The policies of London have been proved to be ignorant on the clothing industries. The policies have not allowed for any incentive offer to be given to the industry. There are also varieties of stringent restrictive actions imposed by the London policies that have subjected the industry to many operation ceilings (Clutterbuck, & Crainer, 2012). This means that the company cannot operate beyond a certain set level of production even if it has the capacity of doing so. Most of the policies especially those by the London government have imposed huge amount of taxation on the industry in the year 2014. The industry is being taxed hugely in cases where the clothing raw materials to be used are imported. The custom duty to be paid in such cases of raw materials importation have been cutting deep in to the amount of cost expenses that are to be paid by the industry. The company is as well expected to be paying excise duties monthly and submitting their returns for excise duty charges. The above mentioned costs of taxation are of a negative impact to the industries revenues. Since such costs have to be paid by the industry through making withdrawals and deductions

Issues Experienced While Administering Care to Patients Article

Issues Experienced While Administering Care to Patients - Article Example This essay stresses that  they specifically interviewed nurses with not only more than 3 years working experience, but also with experience in dementia patient care. They used questionnaires in addition to focus group interviews in collecting data. Additionally, the authors of the article used analytical methods in extracting issues in nursing care from the data collected from the participants regarding their facilities. The result of their interview showed that difficult ethical situations, disorderly conduct among patients as well as problems associated with organization of acute care as the main obstacle to good nursing care for dementia patients. Other issues nurses that face in connection to dementia care included responsibility for patients in addition to not only frustrations with regard to time, but also with regard to lack of organization.From this paper it is clear that  in relation to the nursing care provided for dementia patients, the article had diverse strengths. F irst, it openly elaborates on how dementia affects many people. This is evidenced by its reference of dementia as a major public problem. It then expounds on how many acute care hospitals are involved in the treatment of comorbidities. In addition to this, the article expounds on the methods that were employed in the collection of data that enhanced the success of the research. The expression of the results that was got from the data that was collected is also one of the key strengths of this article.

Limitations And Advantages Of A Directional Antenna

Limitations And Advantages Of A Directional Antenna Abstract A discussion of directional antennas and performance, the limitations or drawbacks and advantages of using directional antennas compare to omnidirectional antennas. INTRODUCTION The definition for directional antennas is antennas which radiates in one or more directions that allowing to increases the performance on transmit, receive and reduce the interference from other sources, or in another way to say is the antennas that receives or sends signals most effectively in a particular. The Radio Frequency (RF) energy can be diverted in a particular direction to father distance. Therefore, it has long range coverage but the effective beam width decreases. Due to the size of directional antennas, the frequencies used are above 200 to 300 MHz. The antennas wideband property depends on the type of the antennas and the directional properties of the antennas are a function of their electrical size. Figure 1 : Directional Antenna with 6 zones. [6] Each zone is a wedge with radius r spanning à Ã¢â€š ¬/3 radians. Zone 1 always faces east. The dashed circle shows the omnidirectional communication radius. A few types of directional antennas are available. [5] Fixed Beam Fixed beam antenna has fixed gain profile with a primary lobe pointing in a single direction. We only can steering the beam by changing the orientation of the antenna physically , which permit relatively slow changes at best. This kind of antenna does provide high gain for their cost and are widely deployed in practice. Figure 2 : Fixed Beam antennas gain pattern Sector In sector antennas, there is multiple fixed beams antennas where each of these beam antennas aims in different direction. Each has covering different area and total 360 ° coverage. Packets may be sent on any sector. Switching between antennas is done electronically and allows the choice of sector to occur on a per packet basis. Figure 3 : Sector Antenna Gain Pattern Analog Phase Array Analog Phase Array antennas work by calculates phase shifts into the signal at antennas elements. There will be individual signals after from phase shifts interfere constructively and destructively with each other in order to form a particular gain pattern. Figure 4 : Analog Phase Array Antenna Gain Pattern Digital Phase Array Another description for Digital Phase Array is smart antenna uses digital signal to accomplish phase shifting. Even the additional power required to do this had increase the cost and complexity greater than the Analog Phase Array, but there is some significant function had been added. Lobes and nulls may be steered very precisely to amplify desired signals and eliminate extraneous ones and angle of arrival information for packets may be obtained as well. Multiple patterns may be realized simultaneously using the same set of elements. Figure 5 : Digital Phase Antenna Gain Pattern THE GAIN OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS [1] The definition for directivity according to [7], The directivity of a wireless antenna is given by the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit solid angle) to the average radiation intensity (averaged over a sphere). The directivity of any source, other than isotropic, is always greater than unity. Both omnidirectional antennas and directional antennas have directivity but the difference between these two antennas is the coverage pattern. For omnidirectional antennas, the coverage pattern is torus-shaped. The directivity in directional antennas case in higher than the omnidirectional because of its ability to focus the beam. Because of the greater gain in the directional antennas, compare to onmidirectional, the signal transmitted with some power will be able to reach wider distance than the signal transmitted in the omnidirectional antennas. LIMITATION S OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS Deafness [1] Deafness is one of the problems happen when using the directional antennas and it had limited the network performance. Deafness is the problem of failed to hearing from the others. In omnidirectional antennas, all neighboring node are capable of listening to all ongoing transmission but not in directional antennas. The node may be turned into particular sector while receiving and the node said to be locked. In this situation, all the signals that arrive in other sectors cannot be received by the nodes. The nodes said to be Deaf in all other sectors. Figure 6 : Deafness In the figure 2 above, it shows that Node A is communicating with Node B. During the communication, Node A is facing to Node B and turned away from Node C. When Node C is sending a transmission to node A, Node A failed to hear for the transmission unless it is available. Node A can be said Deaf towards Node C . The implement of directional antennas said to reduce the interference but it has increase the ratio of packet loss. Multiple retransmissions may also cause the node to misunderstanding that the connection is lost due to mobility and triggering for route discovering search. In another way to say, it causes the destructive interactions with the upper layers. Drawbacks Specific to Directional MAC (DMAC) The above layer in OSI model does not seem to harness the features of the model even there is some or specific changes in the physical layer. Reusing the same approaches as that omnidirectional MAC, DMAC has created or bring new problems which were not exists in omnidirectional MAC. There is a few drawbacks : Heightened hidden terminal When a node transmits a signal that may affect an ongoing transmission, the hidden terminal problem will be arise. The Ready to send and clear to send are not reaching all the neighbor nodes and this will cause those nodes unaware of ongoing transmission. Head of line blocking- The queuing mechanism used is the First-In-First-Out (FIFO). So the node with antennas will pick the first packet in the queues to transmit. The node will send the packets if the channel in the direction that the node wish to communicate with. If the channel is not idle, the node has to wait until the channel is idle and then transmit the packet. There is still has others packet in the queue waiting to transmit, and there is possible that the channel is not idle. Because of the first packet is still waiting for transmission, it blocks all the packets that can be transmitted. Imperfect virtual carrier sensing Nodes often do not listen to all the signals around them due to the deafness problem. This causes an incomplete Directional Network Allocation Vector (DNAV) table which doest not consistently store the state of the channel in different directions. This leads to imperfect virtual carrier sensing. Effect of mobility [1] Figure 7 : Effect of mobility The reach-ability due to higher range (Position 1) In the communication between two nodes, Node X to Node Y, the coverage using omnidirectional antennas is in circle pattern while the coverage pattern using directional antennas is in lobes pattern. If the Node Y moves out of the circle area, it will unable to receive any packet transmitted by Node X. Since the gain of directional gain is more higher, it is possible that Node Y is still in the directional range X and hence, Node Y still able to receive the packet transmitted. If not, Node Y still will be unable to receive the packet transmitted. Reach-ability in different sector (Position 2) In any area inside the circle area when using omnidirectional antennas, the Node X will be able to reach the Node Y. While using directional antennas with DMAC, Node X failed to reach the Node Y using the same sector. It is because Node Y has gone out of the range of the signal that is transmitted in that sector. Un-reach-ability due to omni-discovery (Position 3) Node X tries to send the packet in its old direction. After failing to reach it after Directional retransmit limit, Node Y will tries to send an omnidirectional signal. Since the Node Y is unreachable by directional signal, Node X cannot discover the Node Y and thus, Node X will assume that the Node Y is unreachable. Node X will never tries to reach the Node Y using different sector even though it is be done by transmitting directional signal in different sector. Node X will reports the error to the above routing layer and drops the packet due to no route. In fact this problem can be solved by transmitting the packet directionally in another sector. Totally unreachable (Position 4) This is another case where the Node Y moves to out of range for both and directional. Node X will be unable to reach the Node Y both in omnidirectional and directional. This case of mobility will lead to disconnection and cannot be recovered. ADVANTAGES OF USING DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS Security Issue Use directional antennas to prevent Wormhole attack [6] Figure 8 : Wormhole attack where the adversary controls nodes X and Y and connects them through a low-latency link. Wormhole attack means that a forwarded packet from attackers through a high quality out-of-band link and replays those packet at another locations. The attackers will replay the packet received by node A at node B and vice versa. A more intelligent attacker may able to replace the wormhole endpoints at particular locations and this may disrupt nearly all communications to or from a certain node and to all the nodes in the communications. In directional antennas, based on the signal received, a node can get the approximate direction information. Thus, an attacker cannot execute the wormhole attack if the wormhole transmitter is recognized as a false neighbor, that is not the real neighbor and so ignore the messages. There are three increasingly affective protocols to help to prevent the wormhole attacks. As bidirectional information is added, it is more difficult to allot the attacker to launch the wormhole attack successfully. The three protocols are Directional neighbor discovery protocol, that is does not rely on any cooperation between nodes and cannot prevent many wormhole attacks. Verified neighbor discovery protocol, that is preventing wormhole attacks where the attacker control any two endpoints and the victim nodes are at least two hops distant. Strict neighbor discovery protocol where to prevent wormhole attacks even when the victim nodes are nearby. To Support Symmetric traffic services In Time Division Duplex (TDD) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [2] Code Division Multiple Access comprises of two operations , that are Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex, which to provide two-way simultaneously. A pair of frequency bands is used for uplink and downlink transmissions in FDD. In TDD, the uplink sand downlink transmissions are multiplexed into time slots on the same frequency band, the system is its capability of flexibly to adjusting the uplink and downlink bandwidth by allocating different numbers of time slots. It is more suitable for applications with asymmetric traffic suck as Internet Browsing and file transfer compare to FDD. However, Cross-slot Interference which may seriously degrade the system capacity may happen in TDD-CDMA system during the transmission of asymmetric traffic from adjacent cells. Cross-slot interference is the interference due to opposite direction transmissions between two adjacent cell. In the [2], this paper has shown that the by applying developed interference analysis framework how the interference between virtual cells can be suppressed due to the directivity of directional antennas and thus proposed a virtual based interference resolving algorithm to support asymmetric traffic services in TDD-CDMA Systems. In this paper, it stated that how the directional antennas take effect in supporting the asymmetric system in TDD-CDMA. By using directional antennas in a trisector cellular system can restrict the strong base-base interference into a hexagon and consequently, it is possible by just coordinating the switching points of downlink and uplink bandwidth ratio in only three sectors for TDD-CDMA. The cross-slot-interference level in the omnidirectional case is larger if compare with the directional antennas case. This is due to the transmissions power from a mobile station in omnidirectional cellular system is greater than the trisector cellular system. The reason is because the smaller antennas gain. In ad hoc network Spatial reuse factor Figure 9 : Spatial reuse in directional antenna In figure 9, Node A want s to have communications with Node B , Node C and Node D. In omnidirectional case, the communication between Node C and Node D is not allowed if there is packet sending from Node A and Node B. This is to avoid that the packet from Node C to interfere with Node A to Node B communications. If we using directional antennas, then the sender may focus the beam towards to the receiver. It allows that the coomunications between Node A to Node B and Node C to Node D go on currently. As conclusion, if the nodes use directional antennasthen neighboring nodes that are not in the direction of the signal can go ahead with their transmission. Multiple transmissions can be initiated by different nodes instead of a single transmission if they are not interfere with one another. This increasing the spatial reuse factor. Extended Range and Energy Savings Figure 10 : Extended range in directional antenna In the figure 10, the Node A want to communicate with Node C. in omnidirectional case, the communications cannot reach in single hop. Node A has to transmit the packet to Node B and Node B will transmit the packet to Node C. When using directional antennas, there is larger directional gain. Hence, Node A is able to reach the Node C in single hop. With higher directional gain, focused beam can travel larger distance than those unfocused beam in omnidirectional beam. The sender can reach to receiver with farther away and this has increase the transmission range. Also with higher directional gain, the power required to reach a maximum distance is less than the power used in omnidirectional antennas. This reduce the energy spent by nodes for transmission and reception. Conclusion As conclusion, directional antennas have those benefits that is not exist or stronger or solve the problem exist in using omnidirectional antennas but there is also a few problem that occur only in using directional antennas. There is a few solution proposed to reduce the problem but there is still have a lot of space for improvement.

Ender’s Game Theme Essay Essay

Pressure, pain, corruption, and insecurity; imagine dealing with this every moment of your life. In The Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card, a young boy genius must take on the weight of the world while dealing with these things. Ender, a nine year old boy, is chosen by the government to go to Battle School, where he must learn to fight and improve his army skills. While he’s there, he struggles with his own morality and insecurity, and tries to do what other people want him to do. Even though he is so smart that he beats every single challenge presented to him, he had to learn throughout the course of the novel to be self-reliant and try to figure out the truth about his whole training. Although Ender is a boy genius and master tactician, he is easily manipulated and has a tough time dealing with the pressure of the world. Ender’s clever genius and amazing military skills has made him become one of the most formidable opponents. His ability to use his genius in any situation combined with his great military skills makes him victorious in even some of the most impossible situations, such as when he had to battle against the humongous bugger army on the battle simulator. The bugger army had outnumbered him, â€Å"A thousand to one (696),† and he needed to think up of a plan. So Ender decided to do the unthinkable, to take out the enemy permanently. â€Å"Then he whispered a command and the ships dropped like rocks toward the planet’s surface. They were starships and fighters, completely unequipped to handle the heat of passage through an atmosphere. But Ender never intended them to reach the atmosphere. Almost from the moment they began to drop, they were focusing their Little Doctors on one thing only. The planet itself (701). † Ender, at first felt like he wouldn’t be able to win the battle with so many enemies against him. But he used his clever wit to think of the impossible and use his military skills to take action. He sent the ally ships as close to the enemy planet as possible and then used Little Doctors (Weapons of Mass Destruction) to nuke the whole planet. This decision eliminated the enemy, but it also killed Ender’s ally command fleet. Ender during the novel showed his great military strength and superior thinking to conquer many of his challenges. He was able to stand up and defeat any bullies who wanted to hurt him, and even with a seemingly useless army he was able to train them using new tactics to win every single battle with them. The final simulator test against the buggers was one of the greatest of his genius military wins, but little did he know that it was just a game. Although Ender is genius in many ways and has great military skills, he is still easily manipulated by adults and starts to crumble under the pressure of the world. Ender throughout the novel has very low self – esteem. He just views himself as a tool under other people’s hands. So, when he is given the chance of a two week break, he takes it and has a three month break. He was tired of being pressured to be the best military leader the human world had to offer. He didn’t believe he could keep enduring, and thought he would fail. On his break, the government got so desperate for Ender they sent his sister to go in and help persuade Ender to keep on fighting. â€Å"Ender insisted that his conversation with you should not be bugged. I promised him it wouldn’t be, and to help inspire confidence, the two of you are going out on a raft he built himself (546). † This scene of the book shows how Ender is still a human being, and everyone’s got a cracking point. In able to go on, many of us find it comforting and strengthening when someone says we can do it and inspires us to keep on fighting. Valentine was Ender’s inspiring push to keep him going, but even she was another tool the government used to manipulate Ender. Ender got manipulated a lot in the novel by adults, especially when he was training in the simulator. The adults acted like it was just a game or challenge, and that Ender was just practicing to face the buggers. But when the final test came and Ender won by destroying the whole bugger race, he realized that the adults lied to him, and it was never just a game. Orson Scott Card illustrated how even the strongest and best of us still has a limit and can crack. Ender proved how he was one of the smartest and most brilliant military leaders alive through his training and thought out decisions in Battle and Command School. He was a genius among geniuses, and always thought of something new and effective. But he too, succumbed under the pressure of the world, and needed inspiration and courage to push through. He became too easily manipulated by adults, which led him to a decision he wish he never made. Orson Scott showed how even the best of us, can give in to the dark and evil intentions of man.

Things You Wont Like About Pte Essay Samples and Things You Will

Things You Won't Like About Pte Essay Samples and Things You Will The Pain of Pte Essay Samples Marriage includes a lot of responsibilities where a practical approach to the relationships is of utmost importance. If you understand what you are writing about or have chosen the topic yourself, you want to do a little bit of research. Bear in mind an argumentative essay is based more on facts rather than emotion. Do your homework on the topic of your essay, while it is a part of literature or a function. Distinct kinds of essays need various kinds of research. Argumentative essays are also called position papers due to their justification of the side of the issue they are written in support of. Writing has existed for quite a lengthy moment. Writing an essay demands lots of steps to be made. Writing a persuasive essay can be complicated because you're not just presenting the research materials you've gathered but you're trying to influence your readers. It is a very important skill that will surely help you in your life. Things You Should Know About Pte Essay Samples Regardless of what you pick, you are to have a crystal clear knowledge of the subject described. Remember your analytical essay should contain talking points concerning the matter below your consideration. One of my favourite things about writing is that there isn't any correct or wrong answer. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or unique conclusions. Top Choices of Pte Essay Samples You may be asked about what you meant, so you've got to be ready for questions. Be cautious with the information that you pick. Furthermore, you've got to get prepared that you might find out you don't find all of the information that you demand. Don't attempt to operate with information you aren't really interested in. What You Should Do to Find Out About Pte Essay Samples Before You're Left Behind Tutorials are given to offer you detailed instructions on how best to use the templates. The words you opt to write about as your topics must be complex and abstract. Many people think that high school entrance essays are rather simpler to write than college entrance essays, that's the reason there are fewer places where you could get assistance with higher school entrance essays. Some people believe schools should select students based on their academic abilities, while some think that it's much better to have students with distinct abilities studying together. High school students need to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. The Secret to Pte Essay Samples You may also have an indirect quotation if you want. An immediate quotation presents part of an original bit of text and ought to have a reference to the original source in light of the format required. An indirect quotation demands a reference to the original source also. Short essays, as its name implies, needs to be concise and succinct. High school essay examples incorporate a number of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Again, for more info about essay structure strategies, our PTE write essay' webinar is a good place to begin! To help you produce a productive essay outline here are tips that can assist you. Anyway, it has smart suggestions about how to compose an essay and the way to have it written. When selecting high school essay format, step one is to spot the sort of essay you want to write. Top Choices of Pte Essay Samples Most conclusions are just a paragraph in length as the conclusion is anticipated to be an overview of the whole essay. While the focus is principally on your side, there's also a discussion concerning the opposing side which goes far beyond a single sentence or a paragraph. Our very first trick is to attempt to select a topic accurately. Since you may see, essay writing involves plenty of things. First and foremost it's essential to be sure that you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. The most important portion of a quick essay is known as the body. Your essay should reveal the things that are related to your audience.

The Goal Setting Theory Of Motivation - 1818 Words

In the 1960’s, Edwin Locke put forth the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is fundamentally linked to task performance. It standardizes the idea that specific and challenging goals along with constructive feedback, contribute to enhanced task performance. Locke, one of the most notable contributors in goal setting theory, alongside Gary Latham have contributed to the history and evolution of goal setting while highlighting strengths and weaknesses of the theory in practice used by companies and making contributions to management. In Edwin Locke’s 1968 article Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives, he highlights that working towards a goal is a major source of motivation – which, in turn,†¦show more content†¦Participation of setting goal makes them more acceptable and leads to more involvement. Goal setting theory has certain eventualities such as self-efficiency is the individual’s self-confidence and faith that the individual has potential of performing the task. The higher the level of self-efficiency, than greater the efforts put in by the individual when they face challenging tasks. While, lower the level of self-efficiency, less will be the efforts put in by the individual or he might even quit while meeting challenges. Goal commitment- Goal setting theory assumes that the individual is committed to the goal and will not leave the goal. The goal commitment is dependent on the following factors: Goals are made open, known and broadcasted. Goals should be set-self by individual rather than designated. Individual’s set goals should be consistent with the organizational goals and vision. Goal setting is something that many of us recognize as a vital part of achieving success. By understanding goal-setting theory, you can apply Locke and Latham s principles to your goals. Their research confirms the usefulness of SMART goal setting, and their theory continues to influence the way that we measure performance today. Relevant additions have been made to Locke’s theory, which will be discussed further. As stated in the New Directions in Goal Setting Theory publication, â€Å"Goal theory is an ‘‘open’’ theory inShow MoreRelatedGoal-Setting Theory of Motivation2104 Words   |  9 PagesJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, BUSINESS, AND ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 15, NUMBER 1, 2011 Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ABSTRACT Locke and Latham provide a well-developed goal-setting theory of motivation. The theory emphasizes the important relationship between goals and performance. Research supports predictions that the most effective performance seems to result when goals are specific and challenging, when they are used to evaluate performance and linkedRead MoreGoal Setting Theory Of Motivation Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesEssay question: It is often claimed that goal-setting is a theory of motivation which works. Critically evaluate the evidence and discuss the extent to which it supports this claim. Introduction As element that drives the person to strive for the best within his or her own capacity, Guay et al. (2010) defined motivation as reasons that underlie behaviour. It is also interpreted by Huitt, W. (2011) cited Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981) as an internal state or condition (sometimes described as aRead MoreMotivation Theory And The Goal Setting Theory1159 Words   |  5 Pages Essay 1 Content theories of motivation focus on the importance of work itself, challenges, growth opportunities and responsibilities that the work provides employees. 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The effort that individuals will exert in attemptingRead MoreGoal Setting Theory: Motivation, Stress, and Communication1278 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation, Stress, and Communication Motivation, Stress, and Communication Introduction Goal-setting has progressively become a prominent tool of performance utilized by individuals and business organizations. Companies attain their success by setting long and short-term targets which provide them with direction in productive channels economically. Some of the common attributed elements in goal setting include: sales, services, products, and customer relations in general. The setting of goalsRead MoreCompare and Contrast Expectancy and Goal Setting Theories of Work Motivation. Which Do You Find the More Useful and Why?1384 Words   |  6 Pagescontrast expectancy and goal setting theories of work motivation. Which do you find the more useful and why? Two of the best known approaches to work motivation are the expectancy theory introduced by Victor Vroom (1964) and the goal-setting theory introduced by Edwin A. Locke (1968). Both of these theories have garnered support from subsequent empirical research and have proved influential in how companies motivate their workers through incentive schemes and objective-setting exercises. As theirRead MoreBackground Of Id Medical Group1389 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand, motivation and engagement. The wellbeing is bound up flexibility, work-life balance, motivation, job-satisfaction and human research management. For this reason, the rank of giving something back and wellbeing is very high in 100 companies (high level means not good at about a topic). The two category have included a joint topic which is motivation. The company is not good at about motivation. Therefore, the company is not good financially. 3.0 Motivation and Theories 3.1 Motivation For motivationRead MoreHow Managers Motivate Employees And Helping Managers Keep Their Employees Motivation High Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesMotivation in the workplace has been a frequently discussed subject for at least a century. Whether an employee is doing paperwork behind a desk, helping to put together a car on a conveyor belt, or trying to make a sale, motivation is essential in their job. The reason behind this is simple enough- the more motivated an employee is the more work they tend to get done. However, it can be a struggle for managers to keep their workers motivated. This struggle has led to the development of numerousRead MoreEssay on Reinforcement Versus Goal Theory724 Words   |  3 PagesReinforcement versus Goal Theory Lorraine Patterson OMM 625 Learning Organizations amp; Effectiveness Professor Renee Hill January 30, 2012 According to Edwin Locke the goal setting theory is a tool used for motivation. The theory states that goal setting is linked to task performance. The goal states â€Å"specifically challenging employees while using feedback will contribute to a higher and better performance while completing a task.†(Pane, S) The idea of workingRead MoreEssay on Insight on the Motivation of Workers596 Words   |  3 PagesMotivation has always been a subject of much research over the last fifty years however there have been many definitions and theories describing and analysing motivation but the research is never complete. 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When Corporate Values Do Not Align with Personal Values

When Corporate Values do not Align with Personal Values When an individual accepts a position at a company, it is important that they should first check that their values match the companies’ values. Often, the companies’ values are readily available and should be researched before the position is accepted, but in some cases, an employee will find out too late that they feel a conflict between their own values and their employer’s values. Every person has certain ‘Benchmark Goals’ that dictate what is important to them in life (Pace, 6). Some people value family, money, and some value having a career in a certain field. Employees in positions where there are conflicting values can be unhappy in their position, and it can carry over into†¦show more content†¦If an open honest conversation is not possible, it might be time to apply for a position change, although potentially in the same company. This environment will keep all the employees in a negative mindset, even if they have values that match the companies and their coworkers. Another form of value-based conflict is when an individual’s values are not aligned with the company values. For example, Planned Parenthoods values states that they believe â€Å"That reproductive freedom is the foundation for true equality for women and men†. Someone who has religious or personal beliefs that disagree with that would feel uncomfortable working at an organization with those values (â€Å"Mission and Values,† 2012). Now, Planned Parenthood is a well-known organization with well-known values, but other companies might have similar values and employees who disagree with these statements may feel uncomfortable working for the companies that support them. In this case, if the employee feels very strongly against the organizational values, it will most likely be best to begin looking for companies that they will be able to feel comfortable at. Another example of this might be government, whose values and goals can potentially change every 4 years. Emp loyees of the government might agree with the values for a position for a short period of time, but the structure may change when a new party Is elected. It is up to that employee to decide if they will support the government despite the differingShow MoreRelatedValue Alignment990 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: VALUE ALIGNMENT Value Alignment Value Alignment Ethics and corporate values play a significant role in an organization and are both imperative to success. To attain a successful alignment between individual and corporate values, there needs to be a synergy between the employee and the organization he or she work for. The benefits contain significant value to both the organization and the employee. Established in 1898 as Brad s Drink, PepsiCo has grown substantiallyRead MoreEthics Reflection Paper Str 581 Week 11312 Words   |  6 PagesFacilitator: Dr. Mark Kolesinsky Week 1, July 18, 2012 Ethics Reflection Paper In the last decade, ethics in corporate America has become highly publicized following the discovery of unethical and fraudulent business practices in major corporations. Practices at Tyco, Enron, Arthur Anderson, and WorldCom, among others, have made these corporate names synonymous with corporate fraud. The unethical behavior of top executives such as Bernard â€Å"Bernie† Madoff and Martha Stewart for example, haveRead MoreBe Own Products And Services1416 Words   |  6 PagesProfit sharing with employees was a foundational belief of Bean, and employees were greatly rewarded when the company performed and exceeded expectations. 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These twoRead MoreBusiness Values And Ethics Differ With Every Company Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness values and ethics differ with every company. They are formed by the behaviors and good ethics that is required in a professional environment. Values. Company values are used to guide and inspire individuals within a business in order to help them make appropriate decisions that align with company’s principles and policies and business practices within its industry. Strategic management is important to understand the position of the organization. It allows the company to accomplish goalsRead MoreDifferences Between Ethical And Unethical Business Activity956 Words   |  4 PagesDifferences between ethical and unethical business activity Ethical Behavior In recent years big corporations have discovered the significance of the corporate social responsibility issue. 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The Twilight Saga 4 Breaking Dawn 38. Power Free Essays

string(69) " I will settle for his,† Vladimir growled from the other side\." â€Å"Chelsea is trying to break our bindings,† Edward whispered. â€Å"But she can’t find them. She can’t feel us here. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 38. Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now . . .† His eyes cut to me. â€Å"Are you doing that?† I smiled grimly at him. â€Å"I am all over this.† Edward lurched away from me suddenly, his hand reaching out toward Carlisle. At the same time, I felt a much sharper jab against the shield where it wrapped protectively around Carlisle’s light. It wasn’t painful, but it wasn’t pleasant, either. â€Å"Carlisle? Are you all right?† Edward gasped frantically. â€Å"Yes. Why?† â€Å"Jane,† Edward answered. The moment that he said her name, a dozen pointed attacks hit in a second, stabbing all over the elastic shield, aimed at twelve different bright spots. I flexed, making sure the shield was undamaged. It didn’t seem like Jane had been able to pierce it. I glanced around quickly; everyone was fine. â€Å"Incredible,† Edward said. â€Å"Why aren’t they waiting for the decision?† Tanya hissed. â€Å"Normal procedure,† Edward answered brusquely. â€Å"They usually incapacitate those on trial so they can’t escape.† I looked across at Jane, who was staring at our group with furious disbelief. I was pretty sure that, besides me, she’d never seen anyone remain standing through her fiery assault. It probably wasn’t very mature. But I figured it would take Aro about half a second to guess – if he hadn’t already – that my shield was more powerful than Edward had known; I already had a big target on my forehead and there was really no point in trying to keep the extent of what I could do a secret. So I grinned a huge, smug smile right at Jane. Her eyes narrowed, and I felt another stab of pressure, this time directed at me. I pulled my lips wider, showing my teeth. Jane let out a high-pitched scream of a snarl. Everyone jumped, even the disciplined guard. Everyone but the ancients, who didn’t so much as look up from their conference. Her twin caught her arm as she crouched to spring. The Romanians started chuckling with dark anticipation. â€Å"I told you this was our time,† Vladimir said to Stefan. â€Å"Just look at the witch’s face,† Stefan chortled. Alec patted his sister’s shoulder soothingly, then tucked her under his arm. He turned his face to us, perfectly smooth, completely angelic. I waited for some pressure, some sign of his attack, but I felt nothing. He continued to stare in our direction, his pretty face composed. Was he attacking? Was he getting through my shield? Was I the only one who could still see him? I clutched at Edward’s hand. â€Å"Are you okay?† I choked out. â€Å"Yes,† he whispered. â€Å"Is Alec trying?† Edward nodded. â€Å"His gift is slower than Jane’s. It creeps. It will touch us in a few seconds.† I saw it then, when I had a clue of what to look for. A strange clear haze was oozing across the snow, nearly invisible against the white. It reminded me of a mirage – a slight warping of the view, a hint of a shimmer. I pushed my shield out from Carlisle and the rest of the front line, afraid to have the slinking mist too close when it hit. What if it stole right through my intangible protection? Should we run? A low rumbling murmured through the ground under our feet, and a gust of wind blew the snow into sudden flurries between our position and the Volturi’s. Benjamin had seen the creeping threat, too, and now he tried to blow the mist away from us. The snow made it easy to see where he threw the wind, but the mist didn’t react in any way. It was like air blowing harmlessly through a shadow; the shadow was immune. The triangular formation of the ancients finally broke apart when, with a racking groan, a deep, narrow fissure opened in a long zigzag across the middle of the clearing. The earth rocked under my feet for a moment. The drifts of snow plummeted into the hole, but the mist skipped right across it, as untouched by gravity as it had been by wind. Aro and Caius watched the opening earth with wide eyes. Marcus looked in the same direction without emotion. They didn’t speak; they waited, too, as the mist approached us. The wind shrieked louder but didn’t change the course of the mist. Jane was smiling now. And then the mist hit a wall. I could taste it as soon as it touched my shield – it had a dense, sweet, cloying flavor. It made me remember dimly the numbness of Novocain on my tongue. The mist curled upward, seeking a breach, a weakness. It found none. The fingers of searching haze twisted upward and around, trying to find a way in, and in the process illustrating the astonishing size of the protective screen. There were gasps on both sides of Benjamin’s gorge. â€Å"Well done, Bella!† Benjamin cheered in a low voice. My smile returned. I could see Alec’s narrowed eyes, doubt on his face for the first time as his mist swirled harmlessly around the edges of my shield. And then I knew that I could do this. Obviously, I would be the number-one priority, the first one to die, but as long as I held, we were on more than equal footing with the Volturi. We still had Benjamin and Zafrina; they had no supernatural help at all. As long as I held. â€Å"I’m going to have to concentrate,† I whispered to Edward. â€Å"When it comes to hand to hand, it’s going to be harder to keep the shield around the right people.† â€Å"I’ll keep them off you.† â€Å"No. You have to get to Demetri. Zafrina will keep them away from me.† Zafrina nodded solemnly. â€Å"No one will touch this young one,† she promised Edward. â€Å"I’d go after Jane and Alec myself, but I can do more good here.† â€Å"Jane’s mine,† Kate hissed. â€Å"She needs a taste of her own medicine.† â€Å"And Alec owes me many lives, but I will settle for his,† Vladimir growled from the other side. You read "The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 38. Power" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"He’s mine.† â€Å"I just want Caius,† Tanya said evenly. The others started divvying up opponents, too, but they were quickly interrupted. Aro, staring calmly at Alec’s ineffective mist, finally spoke. â€Å"Before we vote,† he began. I shook my head angrily. I was tired of this charade. The bloodlust was igniting in me again, and I was sorry that I would help the others more by standing still. I wanted to fight. â€Å"Let me remind you,† Aro continued, â€Å"whatever the council’s decision, there need be no violence here.† Edward snarled out a dark laugh. Aro stared at him sadly. â€Å"It will be a regrettable waste to our kind to lose any of you. But you especially, young Edward, and your newborn mate. The Volturi would be glad to welcome many of you into our ranks. Bella, Benjamin, Zafrina, Kate. There are many choices before you. Consider them.† Chelsea’s attempt to sway us fluttered impotently against my shield. Aro’s gaze swept across our hard eyes, looking for any indication of hesitation. From his expression, he found none. I knew he was desperate to keep Edward and me, to imprison us the way he had hoped to enslave Alice. But this fight was too big. He would not win if I lived. I was fiercely glad to be so powerful that I left him no way not to kill me. â€Å"Let us vote, then,† he said with apparent reluctance. Caius spoke with eager haste. â€Å"The child is an unknown quantity. There is no reason to allow such a risk to exist. It must be destroyed, along with all who protect it.† He smiled in expectation. I fought back a shriek of defiance to answer his cruel smirk. Marcus lifted his uncaring eyes, seeming to look through us as he voted. â€Å"I see no immediate danger. The child is safe enough for now. We can always reevaluate later. Let us leave in peace.† His voice was even fainter than his brothers’ feathery sighs. None of the guard relaxed their ready positions at his disagreeing words. Caius’s anticipatory grin did not falter. It was as if Marcus hadn’t spoken at all. â€Å"I must make the deciding vote, it seems,† Aro mused. Suddenly, Edward stiffened at my side. â€Å"Yes!† he hissed. I risked a glance at him. His face glowed with an expression of triumph that I didn’t understand – it was the expression an angel of destruction might wear while the world burned. Beautiful and terrifying. There was a low reaction from the guard, an uneasy murmur. â€Å"Aro?† Edward called, nearly shouted, undisguised victory in his voice. Aro hesitated for a second, assessing this new mood warily before he answered. â€Å"Yes, Edward? You have something further†¦ ?† â€Å"Perhaps,† Edward said pleasantly, controlling his unexplained excitement. â€Å"First, if I could clarify one point?† â€Å"Certainly,† Aro said, raising his eyebrows, nothing now but polite interest in his tone. My teeth ground together; Aro was never more dangerous than when he was gracious. â€Å"The danger you foresee from my daughter – this stems entirely from our inability to guess how she will develop? That is the crux of the matter?† â€Å"Yes, friend Edward,† Aro agreed. â€Å"If we could but be positive†¦ be sure that, as she grows, she will be able to stay concealed from the human world – not endanger the safety of our obscurity . . .† He trailed off, shrugging. â€Å"So, if we could only know for sure,† Edward suggested, â€Å"exactly what she will become†¦ then there would be no need for a council at all?† â€Å"If there was some way to be absolutely sure,† Aro agreed, his feathery voice slightly more shrill. He couldn’t see where Edward was leading him. Neither could I. â€Å"Then, yes, there would be no question to debate.† â€Å"And we would part in peace, good friends once again?† Edward asked with a hint of irony. Even more shrill. â€Å"Of course, my young friend. Nothing would please me more.† Edward chuckled exultantly. â€Å"Then I do have something more to offer.† Aro’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"She is absolutely unique. Her future can only be guessed at.† â€Å"Not absolutely unique,† Edward disagreed. â€Å"Rare, certainly, but not one of a kind.† I fought the shock, the sudden hope springing to life, as it threatened to distract me. The sickly-looking mist still swirled around the edges of my shield. And, as I struggled to focus, I felt again the sharp, stabbing pressure against my protective hold. â€Å"Aro, would you ask Jane to stop attacking my wife?† Edward asked courteously. â€Å"We are still discussing evidence.† Aro raised one hand. â€Å"Peace, dear ones. Let us hear him out.† The pressure disappeared. Jane bared her teeth at me; I couldn’t help grinning back at her. â€Å"Why don’t you join us, Alice?† Edward called loudly. â€Å"Alice,† Esme whispered in shock. Alice! Alice, Alice, Alice! â€Å"Alice!† â€Å"Alice!† other voices murmured around me. â€Å"Alice,† Aro breathed. Relief and violent joy surged through me. It took all my will to keep the shield where it was. Alec’s mist still tested, seeking a weakness – Jane would see if I left any holes. And then I heard them running through the forest, flying, closing the distance as quickly as they could with no slowing effort at silence. Both sides were motionless in expectation. The Volturi witnesses scowled in fresh confusion. Then Alice danced into the clearing from the southwest, and I felt like the bliss of seeing her face again might knock me off my feet. Jasper was only inches behind her, his sharp eyes fierce. Close after them ran three strangers; the first was a tall, muscular female with wild dark hair – obviously Kachiri. She had the same elongated limbs and features as the other Amazons, even more pronounced in her case. The next was a small olive-toned female vampire with a long braid of black hair bobbing against her back. Her deep burgundy eyes flitted nervously around the confrontation before her. And the last was a young man†¦ not quite as fast nor quite as fluid in his run. His skin was an impossible rich, dark brown. His wary eyes flashed across the gathering, and they were the color of warm teak. His hair was black and braided, too, like the woman’s, though not as long. He was beautiful. As he neared us, a new sound sent shock waves through the watching crowd – the sound of another heartbeat, accelerated with exertion. Alice leaped lightly over the edges of the dissipating mist that lapped at my shield and came to a sinuous stop at Edward’s side. I reached out to touch her arm, and so did Edward, Esme, Carlisle. There wasn’t time for any other welcome. Jasper and the others followed her through the shield. All the guard watched, speculation in their eyes, as the latecomers crossed the invisible border without difficulty. The brawny ones, Felix and the others like him, focused their suddenly hopeful eyes on me. They had not been sure of what my shield repelled, but it was clear now that it would not stop a physical attack. As soon as Aro gave the order, the blitz would ensue, me the only object. I wondered how many Zafrina would be able to blind, and how much that would slow them. Long enough for Kate and Vladimir to take Jane and Alec out of the equation? That was all I could ask for. Edward, despite his absorption in the coup he was directing, stiffened furiously in response to their thoughts. He controlled himself and spoke to Aro again. â€Å"Alice has been searching for her own witnesses these last weeks,† he said to the ancient. â€Å"And she does not come back empty-handed. Alice, why don’t you introduce the witnesses you’ve brought?† Caius snarled. â€Å"The time for witnesses is past! Cast your vote, Aro!† Aro raised one finger to silence his brother, his eyes glued to Alice’s face. Alice stepped forward lightly and introduced the strangers. â€Å"This is Huilen and her nephew, Nahuel.† Hearing her voice†¦ it was like she’d never left. Caius’s eyes tightened as Alice named the relationship between the newcomers. The Volturi witnesses hissed amongst themselves. The vampire world was changing, and everyone could feel it. â€Å"Speak, Huilen,† Aro commanded. â€Å"Give us the witness you were brought to bear.† The slight woman looked to Alice nervously. Alice nodded in encouragement, and Kachiri put her long hand on the little vampire’s shoulder. â€Å"I am Huilen,† the woman announced in clear but strangely accented English. As she continued, it was apparent she had prepared herself to tell this story, that she had practiced. It flowed like a well-known nursery rhyme. â€Å"A century and a half ago, I lived with my people, the Mapuche. My sister was Pire. Our parents named her after the snow on the mountains because of her fair skin. And she was very beautiful – too beautiful. She came to me one day in secret and told me of the angel that found her in the woods, that visited her by night. I warned her.† Huilen shook her head mournfully. â€Å"As if the bruises on her skin were not warning enough. I knew it was the Libishomen of our legends, but she would not listen. She was bewitched. â€Å"She told me when she was sure her dark angel’s child was growing inside her. I didn’t try to discourage her from her plan to run away – I knew even our father and mother would agree that the child must be destroyed, Pire with it. I went with her into the deepest parts of the forest. She searched for her demon angel but found nothing. I cared for her, hunted for her when her strength failed. She ate the animals raw, drinking their blood. I needed no more confirmation of what she carried in her womb. I hoped to save her life before I killed the monster. â€Å"But she loved the child inside her. She called him Nahuel, after the jungle cat, when he grew strong and broke her bones – and loved him still. â€Å"I could not save her. The child ripped his way free of her, and she died quickly, begging all the while that I would care for her Nahuel. Her dying wish – and I agreed. â€Å"He bit me, though, when I tried to lift him from her body. I crawled away into the jungle to die. I didn’t get far – the pain was too much. But he found me; the newborn child struggled through the underbrush to my side and waited for me. When the pain ended, he was curled against my side, sleeping. â€Å"I cared for him until he was able to hunt for himself. We hunted the villages around our forest, staying to ourselves. We have never come so far from our home, but Nahuel wished to see the child here.† Huilen bowed her head when she was finished and moved back so she was partially hidden behind Kachiri. Aro’s lips were pursed. He stared at the dark-skinned youth. â€Å"Nahuel, you are one hundred and fifty years old?† he questioned. â€Å"Give or take a decade,† he answered in a clear, beautifully warm voice. His accent was barely noticeable. â€Å"We don’t keep track.† â€Å"And you reached maturity at what age?† â€Å"About seven years after my birth, more or less, I was full grown.† â€Å"You have not changed since then?† Nahuel shrugged. â€Å"Not that I’ve noticed.† I felt a shudder tremble through Jacob’s body. I didn’t want to think about this yet. I would wait till the danger was past and I could concentrate. â€Å"And your diet?† Aro pressed, seeming interested in spite of himself. â€Å"Mostly blood, but some human food, too. I can survive on either.† â€Å"You were able to create an immortal?† As Aro gestured to Huilen, his voice was abruptly intense. I refocused on my shield; perhaps he was seeking a new excuse. â€Å"Yes, but none of the rest can.† A shocked murmur ran through all three groups. Aro’s eyebrows shot up. â€Å"The rest?† â€Å"My sisters.† Nahuel shrugged again. Aro stared wildly for a moment before composing his face. â€Å"Perhaps you would tell us the rest of your story, for there seems to be more.† Nahuel frowned. â€Å"My father came looking for me a few years after my mother’s death.† His handsome face distorted slightly. â€Å"He was pleased to find me.† Nahuel’s tone suggested the feeling was not mutual. â€Å"He had two daughters, but no sons. He expected me to join him, as my sisters had. â€Å"He was surprised I was not alone. My sisters are not venomous, but whether that’s due to gender or a random chance†¦ who knows? I already had my family with Huilen, and I was not interested† – he twisted the word – â€Å"in making a change. I see him from time to time. I have a new sister; she reached maturity about ten years back.† â€Å"Your father’s name?† Caius asked through gritted teeth. â€Å"Joham,† Nahuel answered. â€Å"He considers himself a scientist. He thinks he’s creating a new super-race.† He made no attempt to disguise the disgust in his tone. Caius looked at me. â€Å"Your daughter, is she venomous?† he demanded harshly. â€Å"No,† I responded. Nahuel’s head snapped up at Aro’s question, and his teak eyes turned to bore into my face. Caius looked to Aro for confirmation, but Aro was absorbed in his own thoughts. He pursed his lips and stared at Carlisle, and then Edward, and at last his eyes rested on me. Caius growled. â€Å"We take care of the aberration here, and then follow it south,† he urged Aro. Aro stared into my eyes for a long, tense moment. I had no idea what he was searching for, or what he found, but after he had measured me for that moment, something in his face changed, a faint shift in the set of his mouth and eyes, and I knew that Aro had made his decision. â€Å"Brother,† he said softly to Caius. â€Å"There appears to be no danger. This is an unusual development, but I see no threat. These half-vampire children are much like us, it appears.† â€Å"Is that your vote?† Caius demanded. â€Å"It is.† Caius scowled. â€Å"And this Joham? This immortal so fond of experimentation?† â€Å"Perhaps we should speak with him,† Aro agreed. â€Å"Stop Joham if you will,† Nahuel said flatly. â€Å"But leave my sisters be. They are innocent.† Aro nodded, his expression solemn. And then he turned back to his guard with a warm smile. â€Å"Dear ones,† he called. â€Å"We do not fight today.† The guard nodded in unison and straightened out of their ready positions. The mist dissipated swiftly, but I held my shield in place. Maybe this was another trick. I analyzed their expressions as Aro turned back to us. His face was as benign as ever, but unlike before, I sensed a strange blankness behind the fa?ade. As if his scheming was over. Caius was clearly incensed, but his rage was turned inward now; he was resigned. Marcus looked†¦ bored; there really was no other word for it. The guard was impassive and disciplined again; there were no individuals among them, just the whole. They were in formation, ready to depart. The Volturi witnesses were still wary; one after another, they departed, scattering into the woods. As their numbers dwindled, the remaining sped up. Soon they were all gone. Aro held his hands out to us, almost apologetic. Behind him, the larger part of the guard, along with Caius, Marcus, and the silent, mysterious wives, were already drifting quickly away, their formation precise once again. Only the three that seemed to be his personal guardians lingered with him. â€Å"I’m so glad this could be resolved without violence,† he said sweetly. â€Å"My friend, Carlisle – how pleased I am to call you friend again! I hope there are no hard feelings. I know you understand the strict burden that our duty places on our shoulders.† â€Å"Leave in peace, Aro,† Carlisle said stiffly. â€Å"Please remember that we still have our anonymity to protect here, and keep your guard from hunting in this region.† â€Å"Of course, Carlisle,† Aro assured him. â€Å"I am sorry to earn your disapproval, my dear friend. Perhaps, in time, you will forgive me.† â€Å"Perhaps, in time, if you prove a friend to us again.† Aro bowed his head, the picture of remorse, and drifted backward for a moment before he turned around. We watched in silence as the last four Volturi disappeared into the trees. It was very quiet. I did not drop my shield. â€Å"Is it really over?† I whispered to Edward. His smile was huge. â€Å"Yes. They’ve given up. Like all bullies, they’re cowards underneath the swagger.† He chuckled. Alice laughed with him. â€Å"Seriously, people. They’re not coming back. Everybody can relax now.† There was another beat of silence. â€Å"Of all the rotten luck,† Stefan muttered. And then it hit. Cheers erupted. Deafening howls filled the clearing. Maggie pounded Siobhan on the back. Rosalie and Emmett kissed again – longer and more ardently than before. Benjamin and Tia were locked in each other’s arms, as were Carmen and Eleazar. Esme held Alice and Jasper in a tight embrace. Carlisle was warmly thanking the South American newcomers who had saved us all. Kachiri stood very close to Zafrina and Senna, their fingertips interlocked. Garrett picked Kate up off the ground and swung her around in a circle. Stefan spit on the snow. Vladimir ground his teeth together with a sour expression. And I half-climbed the giant russet wolf to rip my daughter off his back and then crushed her to my chest. Edward’s arms were around us in the same second. â€Å"Nessie, Nessie, Nessie,† I crooned. Jacob laughed his big, barky laugh and poked the back of my head with his nose. â€Å"Shut up,† I mumbled. â€Å"I get to stay with you?† Nessie demanded. â€Å"Forever,† I promised her. We had forever. And Nessie was going to be fine and healthy and strong. Like the halfhuman Nahuel, in a hundred and fifty years she would still be young. And we would all be together. Happiness expanded like an explosion inside me – so extreme, so violent that I wasn’t sure I’d survive it. â€Å"Forever,† Edward echoed in my ear. I couldn’t speak anymore. I lifted my head and kissed him with a passion that might possibly set the forest on fire. I wouldn’t have noticed. How to cite The Twilight Saga 4: Breaking Dawn 38. Power, Essay examples

Freud Essay Example For Students

Freud Essay Psychoanalysis is a system of psychology originated by the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud in the 1890s and then further developed by himself, his students, and other followers. It consists of activities such as using methods for research into the human mind, a systematic knowledge about the mind, and a method for the treatment of psychological or emotional disorders. Psychoanalysis began with the discovery of hysteria, an illness with physical symptoms that occurred in a completely healthy physical body, such as a numbness or paralysis of a limb, loss of voice, or blindness. This state could be caused by unconscious wishes or forgotten memories. Many women of the 1800s were diagnosed with hysteria, given the disorder was thought to be primarily female. Freud began telling his patients, through interpretations, what was going on inside the unconscious part of their minds, thus helping the unconscious become conscious. Many cases of hysteria were cured this way, and in 1895, Freud, a long with another fellow physician, published their findings and theories on the study of hysteria. In The White Hotel by D. M. Thomas, the character Lisa does not exhibit the above form of hysteria, but rather a manifestation of reality. Her own reality has become too imprisoned, and she escapes it by creating another Lisa that is nothing like her person. The traditional psychoanalytical theory states that all human beings are born with instinctual drives that are constantly active even though a person is not usually conscious of them. Two drives, one for sexual pleasure and the other called aggression, motivate and propel most behaviors in people. Lisa creates a very intense sexual drive for her fictive person. Readers may speculate that this creation may have been brought about by experiences beginning at birth. In the infant, the libido supposedly first manifests itself by making the act of sucking the thumb an activity with pleasurable sensations in the mouth. Later, according to Freud, similar pleasures are experienced in the anus during bowel movements, and finally these erotically tinged pleasures are experienced when the sexual organ is manipulated. Thus psychosexual development progresses from the oral through the anal to the phallic stage. During the height of the phallic phase (about ages three to six), Freud notes that the se drives focus on the parent of the opposite sex such as in the relations between mother and son or between father and daughter. These drives are known as the so-called Oedipus and Electra complexes. These complexes may also spread to other relationships, such as Lisas viewing of the love affair between her mother and uncle. However, most societies strongly disapprove of the sexual interests of children, and Lisa never spoke of what she saw to anyone but Freud. She also, in the event of her mothers death, fell subject to a withdrawn father who did not meet her needs for affection and attention as a growing child. This may have helped lead to her repressed sexual rage. Also, taboo on incest rules almost universally. Parents, therefore, influence children to push pleasurable sensations and thoughts out of their conscious minds into the unconscious by a process called repression. Repression is what Lisa learned most about in her childhood. In this way the mind comes to consist of thre e parts known as the ego, id, and superego. The ego is mostly conscious and comprises all the ordinary thoughts and functions needed to direct a person in his or her daily behavior. The id is mainly unconscious and contains the instincts and everything that was repressed into it. And finally, the superego is the conscious state that harbors the values, ideals, and prohibitions that set the guidelines for the ego, and punishes the person through feeling of guilt. .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e , .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .postImageUrl , .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e , .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:hover , .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:visited , .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:active { border:0!important; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:active , .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0e5314a47eee3622a4ffdcd4075682e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: College Uneducation by Jorge Bocobo EssayStrong boundaries between the three parts keep the ego fairly free from disturbing thoughts and wishes in the id, ensuring effective functioning and socially acceptable behavior. During sleep the boundaries weaken, and disturbing wishes may slip into the ego from the id. This often causes us to manifest in our dreams. Freud interpreted this concept in his first major work, The Interpretation of Dreams. Something very similar to the weakening of boundaries during sleep may happen during ordinary daytime activities when some impulses from the id manage to cross the repression barrier and cause faulty actions such as slips of the tongu e. This may occur often if psychologically hurtful experiences during childhood have left the repression too weak, distorted the ego, or strengthened the id too much by over-stimulation. Any kind of psychic trauma may lead to the ego becoming an area of conflict between the intruding id, the threatening superego, and the powerful influences emanating from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the damage done to the basic psychological structures by traumatic experiences leaves those structures weakened and with defective functioning. Such outcomes can cause intense anxiety and depression. In order to keep functioning effectively, the ego attempts to maintain control by achieving some sort of compromise between the contending forces. Lisa could not separate her self from her problems, and therefor fell victim to them. Her life was not focused, but she managed to create clarity in the release of her sexual self. Patients seek psychoanalytic treatment because they suffer from one or more psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, sexual inhibitions or manifestations (such as with Lisas conflict), obsessive thoughts, compulsive actions, irrational anger, shyness, phobias, low self-esteem, a sense of being unfulfilled, nervous irritability, and many more. Psychoanalysis does not promise a quick cure but holds hope that through better understanding of oneself and others, one can achieve an correction of symptoms as well as smoother and more effective socialization regarding behavior. It has been found that many psychological problems originate from painful misunderstandings or outright failures in the childs relationship to his or her parents. The method of treatment seems simple at first. The patient is instructed to say absolutely everything that comes to mind without censoring anything, a technique that is called free association. This brings about a state of regression in which long -forgotten events and painful encounters are remembered, often with great clarity and intense emotions. The analyst often can trace the connection between the patients current fantasies and feelings about the analyst and the origin of these thoughts and emotions in childhood experiences. These conflicts and traumas, together with the accompanying fears and feelings, are then are interpreted by the analyst. If treatment is successful, the patient learns to recognize the connections between past and present. The combination of insight and the emotional re-experience during the regressed state can cause a reorganization of the psychological structures into more healthfully adaptive patterns. From the beginnings in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory and practice have continued to develop into the present modern practices. Initially, Freud believed that forgotten sexual seductions of children were the cause of neurosis and that remembering the trauma and emotions was therapeutic. He later modified and elaborated his views into the theory of infantile instinctual drives as the motivating force for normal behavior and as the cause of neurosis if repressed. Continuing research has discovered much evidence that the early relationships between children and parents, have the greatest impact on later psychological development. The influence of the care-givers, especially during infancy, leave a lasting imprint on the personality. Any experience with objects, including persons, that evoke and strengthen the self are self-object experiences and are needed by every human being from birth to death in order to sustain a cohesive self. Absence of or faulty self-object experie nces cause a loss of cohesion with the self. Lisas character was a prime candidate for Freuds psychoanalysis. She followed many of the stereotypical guidelines set by Freuds studies. Her reality failed her, so a more vibrant one was created in order to suppress years of secrets, neglect, and the pain from it all. Her character was eventually brought back into a state of reality, but it was too late to save her. The true reality that faced her was the grimace of death of her true self in the end. .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 , .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .postImageUrl , .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 , .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:hover , .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:visited , .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:active { border:0!important; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:active , .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0 .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98c51022c07b8bc3cdf9e344489cd9d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Career as a military officer EssayWords/ Pages : 1,341 / 24

John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman Essay Example

John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman Essay According to Nelson Vieira, John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman: falls under the rubric of what is commonly known today as metafiction. Metafictional writers thus operate and function with a freedom of exposing illusion for what it is- a device used to mask narrative as a construct and a figment of ones imagination.1 John Fowles has no qualms about admitting that literature is, in fact just an illusion. This is most noticeable in his telling the reader that The story I am telling is all imagination. The characters I create never existed outside my own mind2. It seems then, that John Fowles, in destroying the readers illusion, and also destroys the suspension of disbelief necessary in following a story told by an omniscient narrator3 We will write a custom essay sample on John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fowles destruction of this suspension of disbelief in reminding us of the fictitious nature of all characters and events taking place creates a gulf between himself, or his story, and the reader. To be drawn into the world of fiction, we must feel that it is true, and that we are a part of a real world, and not merely some illusion or magic trick. It is also impossible for the reader to take ownership of the story when the author is so insistent at writing himself into the novel. Fowles not only intrusively reminds us that he writes a fiction and not a truth, but appears himself in the shape of the man in the railway carriage- we are, however, further confused as to whether, perhaps, his story is based in reality, as he observes Charles and asks now what could I do with you?4 This brings us to the conclusion that, perhaps, Fowles truly observed a man on a train, and, in doing so, brought the character of Charles, and so the story, into being, and so confuses the story from reality. It becomes nearly impossible to distinguish reality from the artificial when Fowles suggests that he is perhaps writing a transposed autobiography; perhaps I now live in one of the houses I have brought into the fiction; perhaps Charles is myself disguised.5 We feel that if the author himself cannot decide to which depth his story is, in fact a reality, then we cannot hope to engage with it either as a piece of fiction or a factual document. Palmer points out that: Fowles intrudes in chapter thirteen in order to jolt the reader who, reading this seemingly traditional historical novel is becoming too passively comfortable in his over-stuffed arm chair. He wants to start a dialogue with his reader.6 Whilst this is indeed most probably, in fact, almost certainly, Fowles intention, it does interfere with storytelling. A story is any narrative or tale recounting the sequence of events7, and Fowles interruption only interrupts the story, although it may give the reader a more mental exercise. Palmer also claims that Fowles is attempting to free the reader from the traditional role of passive, uninvolved observer8, but one must wonder whether the reader wishes to be so liberated. He certainly does free himself and his characters from the tyrannising roles of the traditional novelist god-character relationship9, but rather than freeing his readership, he has enslaved them. Rather than being at liberty to enjoy the narrative, they are forced into a realisation that the world constructed around them is merely that, a construct. However, having forced his reader into a realisation that they have been living in a world of mere make-believe, Fowles taunts his audience, in telling them that my characters still exist, and in a reality no less, or no more real than the one I have just broken.10 Whilst this may seem a confusion, and confusion most certainly is an alienation of the reader, problematising the role of both the author and the story, he is, in fact referring to the reality he has just broken, which, as he has just told us, is no reality at all, but a mere construct. Fowles seems to torment his reader with unsure statements whilst keeping them from the narrative, the purpose of a novel. Fowles has been described as a writer stalking himself, or better, he is a novelist writing into a mirror so that each or his works reflect back upon his own mind and vision11. The reader is never sure what to believe of the novel, just as we are never sure where two mirrors reflecting in on themselves may end. It is in just this way that we cannot tell where Charles will end: indeed, even Fowles seems not to know, hence his triple ending. This too, could present a barrier for his readership: if Fowles, as the author and creator of the text, cannot discern the direction of a narrative, how then, is his readership supposed to manage such a feat? We are given the impression that Fowles is perhaps remarkably indecisive, which brings us out o our suspension of disbelief almost as much as the authorial interruptions. This confusion over plot in his inability to come to a conclusion could be rooted in Fowles determination to rewrite the Victorian novel. Even character is at time confused- we are unsure as to Fowles intentions for Charles, or even Charles origins as a literary figure. Palmer claims that the novel hangs insuspension: between the traditions of Victorian fiction, with its attendant restrictions, and the experimental, intensely-self conscious novel of the mid-twentieth century.12 He also reiterates that The French Lieutenants Woman is, in one of its many aspects, Fowless dramatisation of his own theory of the novel. It is a metatheatrical work of literary criticism.13 It is this idea of the metafiction that provides the complexities of the novel, but also draws the reader away from the characters, creating a barrier between them and the story. We feel that we are, perhaps, guinea pigs for Fowles experiments with literature. The same could be said of Virginia Woolfs Jacobs Room. It has been described as Woolfs most consciously experimental novel14, as so much of the modernist movement is an attempt to break away from the Victorian style that Fowles attempts to recreate. She shies away from the normal, and particularly the narrative- Zwerdling cites her as claiming to want to do away with exact place and time, this appalling narrative business of the realist: getting on from lunch to dinner: it is false, unreal, merely conventional 15. In doing this she cuts out much of the tedium of the Victorian novel, but yet has a good chance of leaving her reader floundering: we may feel at the end of the novel that we do not truly know even Jacob, let alone the peripheral characters. He has been described as far too shadowy a figure who fails to come to life.16 There are few reference points within the novel: Woolf has indeed succeeded in her goal of doing away with typical narrative. We see only brief but typical vignettes chosen seemingly at random,17 and have little means of stringing them together to form a picture of his true character and experiences. Joan Bennett claims that the novel builds up no whole that can be held in the mind18 As such, Jacobs Room seems not so much to problematise storytelling as to obliterate any concept of story. Zwerdling describes Jacobs Room as a surgical excision of clogged detail.19 However, we must consider the meshing of art and science in this idea. A surgical excision seems very far from the constructive art of writing, and, whilst surgery is an exacting, science-dependant field, writing, surely, is a free art, the bounds of which are only the farthest reaches of the imagination, not the facts of textbooks. Whereas Fowles makes us wonder as to the true reality of his characters and story, especially Charles, suggesting that he sees much of Charles in himself, Woolf admits to actively disliking Jacob. Zwerdling suggests that this is largely thanks to his sex, quoting Woolf in Jacobs Room- granted ten years seniority and a difference of sex, fear of him comes first20. Frank Kermode, in the biographical preface to Jacobs Room suggests that this might be possibly related to the sexual molestation of which her half-brother, George Duckworth is accused.21 He also puts points out that there have been many accounts of the marriage very hostile to Leonard Woolf22. Indeed, Woolf gives Jacob thoughts that she, as a woman in the twentieth century, surely could not agree with- he compares the presence of women at the Kings College service to the presence of dogs: No one would think of bringing a dog into church. For though a dog is all very well on a gravel path, and shows no disrespect to flowers, the way he wanders down an aisle, looking, lifting a paw, approaching a pillar with a purpose that makes the blood run cold with horror (should you be one of the congregation- alone, shyness is out of the question), a dog destroys the service completely.23 As educated as she was, although not having attended university, Virginia Woolf could not have agreed with such ideas. As a modern reader, these ideas grate on our sense of equality. In an age where education is available regardless of gender, moments such as these create a distance between the writing and the reader and prevent a true feeling of connection with the text. The French Lieutenants Woman too has some anti-feminist moments, which could present a barrier between the text and a potential readership- Charles believes that Ernestina, as a woman could no possibly hold the same value as a man: He could not be angry with her. After all, she was only a woman. There were so many things she must never understand: the richness of male life, the enormous difficulty of being one to whom the world was rather more than dress and home and children.24 However, this could also represent the other side of the argument- whilst Fowles may alienate a segment of society which was active at the time of the novels publication; he was also attempting to echo the Victorian novel, in which this would very much be a recognised and accepted viewpoint- the Victorian icon- the angel in the house the presiding hearth angel of Victorian social myth25. Charles expects women to stay the same, and to be reliant on men- he expects Sarah to rely on him, and seems to find her making her own way in the world faintly repulsive. In one way, therefore Fowles is problematising his storytelling in possibly alienating a part of his readership, but also moving his story closer to the goal he set out to achieve. As I earlier pointed out in relation to The French Lieutenants Woman, the purpose of storytelling is for entertainment; therefore making a stilted or confusing narrative will certainly problematise the process of storytelling. Jacobs Room is very much a metaphorical text: McNichol points out that there has been too much concentration on what the novel is not26 largely because of a failure to grasp the originality of Virginia Woolfs new conception of a novel27 However; she also notes that it is, in fact, an abstract and theoretic work28, and so we must wonder how much of a story it is, or whether it is, in fact, a challenge to the nature of fiction itself29, and as such, more an academic treatise than a novel. The metaphorical nature of the text is made clear in the relation of the title to the work: the room of the title is in fact in the context of the space, metal and physical, which is occupied by Jacob Flanders30 rather than the physical rooms in which we see him in the course of the novel: asleep in Cornwall with his sheeps jaw, at Cambridge, and at Lambs Conduit Street, among others. As a metaphorical text, the novel is designed not so much for the process of storytelling as to make a statement on the accepted structure. Virginia Woolf is a far more solid presence in the text that any of her characters; indeed, McNichol presents Jacobs Room as being full of authorial dialectic31, just as The French Lieutenants Woman is full of authorial intervention. It seems that the role of the author and the role of storytelling are, to an extent, mutually exclusive. For the author to have a role in their text, it seems they must take a presence in it, as Fowles does in chapter thirteen, and as Woolf does in making Jacobs Room more about an experiment conducted by her than about her characters and plot, and so her readership. As I have pointed out, this concentration on the experiment disrupts the idea of storytelling: for a reader to fully appreciate a story, they must be able to view it as a reality, which the readership of both texts cannot truly do, as the author refuses to give up their place in the piece. Whilst the author is present, we are aware that the constructed world is just that, a fiction, where we would prefer to believe if as a reality, at least for a time. It seems that for storytelling to be effective, therefore, the role of the author must only extend as far as the writing of the story, not featuring in it. As such, storytelling in these texts is problematised by the role of the author, and the role of the author is problematised by storytelling.