Developing Creativity for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Developing Creativity for Business - Essay Example Introduction: The concept of creativity involves using and organizing the known information and knowledge in bringing new and innovative ideas out of them. It actually leads to a better and improved understanding of a concept or idea that was existent but needed advancement and steps forward in using it for the betterment of the society as a whole. Maslow had considered his studies based on the concept of creativity and determined two different levels of creativity. Primary creativity according to him is a basis for a new innovation to discover something that would be different from the existent concept. Secondary creativity on the other hand was explained by him as an extension of any discovery that early researchers had made through their studies (Creativity and its importance in business, n.d.). The concept of creativity and innovation is more significant and needed in today’s businesses owing to the increasing levels of competitions among competitors in the world of busine ss. In order to stay ahead of the competitor companies in respect of technological advancements, facing new competitors, as well fulfill the demands and requirements of the customers, organizations need to focus on continuous change and creativity. In other sense, creativity leads to value addition to the service being provided by an organization towards their customers (Degraff, 2006, pp.1-2). Creativity thus involves the use of knowledge, concepts, technology, and business theories towards innovation of any idea for the benefit of the society as a whole. The following chart provides an idea of the concept of creativity as can be applied within an... Marks and Spencer: The Company and its Concept of Creativity Marks and Spencer (M&S) is a leading retailer in the United Kingdom with a very large customer base. The company offers the variety of products including clothing, home products, as well as food. While around 49 percent of the business deals with home products and clothing, the rest of the business provides its customers with the variety of high-quality food products. Also, the company has its focus on the environmental impacts and hence has its eco plan in concern. There are more than 700 retail stores of M&S in the UK itself spreading across the high streets, stations, airports, and other locations. The company is focused on improving its business by serving its customers through original and high-quality products. Their primary creativity lies in their trying to present to the world the products that are unique to their company that they term as ‘Only at M&S. Marks and Spencer is known to be successful for its innovations that the management of the company is concerned about . The status of the company’s success can be learnt from the financial results of the company that it has achieved based on its creative approaches. With the different models as discussed in the study as well as the creativity awareness program based on the problem solving cycle, it can be assumed that the company’s fear might be overcome.If the company plans to provide its customers with online facilities with huge discounts on products, the company also needs to focus on the fact that all customers do not shift to the facility thus affecting the sales of the company.

IR take home exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IR take home exam - Essay Example In analysing the case, J. Mason stated that contract terms are agreed before the contract is enforced. However, a lot can change in light of circumstances during the discharge of the contract. In such situations, the court is generally hesitant and cautious about interpreting implied terms because some facts that were not foreseen could be relevant in determining the conduct of parties in the contract. This point of law means that the realities on the ground may make contracts less significant. Mason concedes that contracts with higher degrees of certainty in their terms cover more eventualities. However, since the future cannot be predicted, contracts can be modified significantly as a result of circumstances. In such cases, some important guidelines should be followed to find practical solutions to the issue. Employment contracts are contracts between employers and employees. By their nature, they are also open to uncertainty of interpretation in the future. Employment contracts set out express terms and implied terms. Express terms in employment contracts are the terms that are written or stated clearly by the employer or employee before the contract is signed. They can be found in formal service contracts, letters of appointments or oral negotiations at the time of recruitment. In addition, they may be included in management policy manuals and other written documents setting out how employees are expected to conduct themselves in the workplace. Express terms of employment contracts are often made on the basis of present facts and conditions. In other words, they are made with the best knowledge of both parties at the time of contracting. Hence, both present and foreseeable conditions should be taken into account to ensure the inclusion of all relevant terms conditions and ideas that may influence the employment in the future. However, in reality, situations may arise that were not factored into the initial contract and that may necessitate

Volkswagen Operations Strategy

Volkswagen Operations Strategy Product Design In 1945, a rare and curious Volkswagen car was shipped from its bomb-damaged German factory to England. Here, a commission of leading British motor manufacturers inspected the small car. It would be quite unattractive to the average motorcar buyer, the commission reported. It is too ugly and noisy, while to build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise. The commission was mistake, however, and the Volkswagen Beetle, with its friendly styling by the Austrian designer Erwin Komenda, and innovative engineering by Ferdinand Porsche, became the best-selling car of all time. Production of the Beetle outstripped that of Henry Fords Model-T when the 15,007,034th car rolled off the line at Wolfsburg in 1972. As its name made clear, the Volkswagen was truly a Peoples Car. Ultimately, the sheer quality, along with the affordability, reliability, economy and distinct look and feel of the Beetle, ensured its success. Sold to the United States in a brilliant Think Small advertising campaign launched in 1959 and devised by the New York agency Doyle Dane Bernbach, the Beetle became the biggest selling foreign-made car in America throughout the 60s. Now days VW Beetles incorporated many new features such as: Heated power side mirrors: Even the side mirrors on a Beetle can bring the heat. If the fog start, it will help the driver to have a clear view. LED taillights: The available LED taillights have been styled with precise contours that perfectly flow with its design lines. The bright illumination can also help cars behind you know that the driver is applying the brakes. Iconic design: Taken its iconic look to the next level. The Beetle unites classic styling and modern technologies. Panoramic sunroof: See the brighter side of life while driving, opening the sunroof lets the driver enjoy the sunshine. Bi-Xenon headlights: Available Bi-Xenon headlights with sleek LED Daytime Running Lights boost a longer life and use less energy. Its a really bright side to this headlight story 17- and 18-inch alloy wheels A Beetle this distinctive needs wheels to match. The available designs are perfectly matched to this time machine. (https://www.vw.com, 2017) Operations Strategy VW have introduced a new strategy that facing ever challenging industry, strategy 2025 focused on many important aspect of any car makers challenges such as: Flatter hierarchies or horizontal organization to establish a communication channel between staff and executives. A fundamental change, which means a change on the basic level of Volkswagen. More autarchy of Volkswagens 12 core brands. Lower cost cars, to compete against the Japanese and Korean car makers. Lower costs and higher profits, lowering the cost of operation to generate more profit. Electrification, more electric car to produce, and to develop the technology needed to support the expansion of Hybrid and Full Electrical Cars. Digitalization and connectivity, by eliminating the old fashion way of paper documentation, and to improve the communication by using latest technology in this field. Volkswagen as a mobility company. (Schmitt, 2016) VW have categorized the main Initiatives for Strategy 2025 as follow: Grow Profitability. Sharpen positioning of the brands Develop wining vehicle and drivetrain portfolio Streamline modular architectures Partner with regional players to win in economy segment. Develop Strategic Capabilities. Develop self-driving system for autonomous vehicles and artificial intelligence in-house Develop battery technology as new core competency. Develop best-in-class user experience across brands and customer touchpoints. Enhance Entrepreneurial Spirit. Implement model line organization. Realign Components business. Transform Core Business. Build mobility solutions business. Develop and expand attractive and profitable smart mobility offering. Secure Funding. Improve operational excellence. Optimize business portfolio.

Integrity in Jean Anouilh’s Antigone :: Antigone essays

Integrity in Jean Anouilh’s Antigone  Ã‚   The distinctions between young and old, naà ¯ve and wise are very clear. There is a fiery passion for life often embedded in the young, and a sense of bittersweet reflection set in the aged. The age gap between the two is often a cause for conflict. The young want to hurry up and live only to eventually die; the old want to slow down their rate of living and postpone death. With such divergent circumstances, conflicts are almost impossible to avoid. The question of how one can grow old while keeping youthful idealism and integrity seems to be the source of most conflicts. Jean Anouilh, in his version of the Greek classic play Antigone, firmly captures and reflects the disparity between old and young through the use of the characters of Antigone and Creon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play opens, after the introduction by Chorus, with Antigone rushing in from a night that the audience can take only to be a night of living fully. She describes her nocturnal adventures with detail, proclaiming excitedly that she had been out enjoying the world as it lay untouched before morning. "The whole world was breathless, waiting," she tells the Nurse (7). She evades the questions put to her by the Nurse, and it becomes apparent to the audience that she has been out doing something she should not have been. This in itself immediately presents Antigone as a girl who wants to live at all costs. It seems that living, to her, means breaking rules and seeking out danger. When Antigone's sister Ismene enters the play, the audience is given the explanation for Antigone's breathless nighttime escapades. The Nurse exits, allowing the girls to talk, and Ismene begins to speak of the possibility of a death sentence being issued for the two of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creon, the king and their uncle, issued an edict to the people of Thebes that the rebel Polynices, brother to Ismene and Antigone, should not be buried on pain of death. Antigone explains in what seems to be a rational tone that she and Ismene are bound, as by duty, to bury Polynices and face the execution. She makes it clear to Ismene that there are no two ways about it. "That's the way it is. What do you think we can do to change it?" she says (11). She also tells Ismene that she is not eager to die, but it seems to the audience otherwise throughout the progression of the play.

Public Health in Microbiological Labs in Middle East Essay

The focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through the prevention and treatment of diseases and other physical and mental health conditions, through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors .and because the field playing challenges and professionals to meet the complex health issues. I wish to apply for PhD in public health. Because intended to build on the current health-for-all strategy and act as a blueprint for gathering and using information for health to guide policy-makers and service providers of a future health system. Its main theme is the orientation or reshaping of health services so that improving people’s health and quality of life becomes the primary and unifying focus of the work of health care policy-makers and providers. The works in microbiological labs faced a lot of infectious disease, environmental hazards, and injury. Listeriosis, a serious infection usually caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, is an important public health problem around the world. The disease primarily affects older adults, pregnant women, newborns, and adults with weakened immune systems. However, rarely, persons without these risk factors can also be affected. The risk may be reduced by recommendations for safe food preparation, consumption, and storage. and because there are no vaccines against the bacteria that cause listeriosis, I want to study this case to understand how can we improve the public health in different microbiological labs (food and clinical) especially for women . Also, Health systems currently operate within an environment of rapid social, economic and technological change. Health systems are also nowadays under continuous scrutiny by planners, purchasers and users of the services. In  order to achieve the overall goals of good health, it is important to identify some of the critical health challenges facing health development. The critical health challenges are in the areas of: strengthening the organization of health services; health financing; health resources for health; and health education Food safety: poses a growing public health concern with potentially serious economic consequences. The primary work function is to use microbiology to improve the health of populations in collaboration with other public health disciplines especially with epidemiologists. We have to preparedness for responding to new infectious diseases threats requires a sustainable infrastructure of microbiological laboratories which play a central role in detection, monitoring, outbreak response, and providing scientific evidence to prevent and control infectious diseases. A range of expertise is necessary to fulfill these requirements including epidemiology and public health microbiology. microbiologists is required to provide access to experts with expertise/experience of the important communicable diseases at the regional, national and international level for mounting a rapid response to emerging health threats. Because the organizational laboratory network models and provision of expert professionals serving these functions differ widely across Middle East. (http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/1012_ Methodology of study The study will be conducted in microbiological labs (food & medical microbiology labs)inside or outside the university and the parts of research may taken in my country. The methods include library research, lab work, volunteers, survey evaluation and analysis. Search Plan & Project Timeline The objective of this activity is to acquire the skills necessary to plan, conduct and analyse an epidemiological study and to interpret and  communicate its results It is recommended that fellows participate in all stages of a study. Although this may not always be possible within two years, the fellow should attempt to contribute to as many stages as possible: †¢ Identify a problem of public health importance; †¢ Review literature; †¢ Identify and write study question and the hypothesis to be tested; †¢ Choose the study design and study population; †¢ Choose appropriate methodology; †¢ Develop a plan of analysis; †¢ Write a detailed protocol (obtain a review of the protocol from the host institute supervisor and EPIET coordinators); †¢ Seek financial support if necessary; †¢ Conduct a pilot study and, if necessary, make modifications; †¢ Constitute and brief the study team; †¢ Manage a team; †¢ Obtain ethical approval; †¢ Collect and analyse data; †¢ Interpret the results; †¢ Disseminate and communicate the information; †¢ Write a scientific report and/or a scientific article 4. Expected outcome from proposed research After completion of my research activities by getting information about the condition of microbiological labs in my country. The government could take necessary initiatives for immediate prevention and application of the public health to the buildings and staff working in this field from prevention them to get acquired for the diseases that can get from the pathogenic bacteria. After public health application we can get lab accredited. The Government organizations and different non-government organizations will also be benefited by getting such research information. The Government policy maker can be used this study finding in their regulating and planning activities. 5. Application of the Expected output The proposed research can become a role model in conducting similar research in other communities and countries espicaally if we looking for the poor middle east countries like Pakistan , Somalia, sudan ,,,,,,,,,,,etc. The outcomes of the proposed research can also be used in developing new techniques for sustainable lab management. It can also be used in improving the existing community. The research work can develop awareness among the local people about the diseases To take stapes to increase awareness among the local community. To maintain the environment healthy and clean. To fix-up correct type of treatment units and effective measures. To know the operational efficiency of various units of treatment. Review of Literature FIELDWORK – Since my research question deals partly with what attitudes and information influence individuals’ diet choices, I will use two types of labs fronts for my field research Food, microbiological labs which based on food born microorganisms and medical microbiological labs which based on in some chronic diseases of humans especially in the woman. It will allow me to learn how if there is any difference between the danger can caused to the woman especially to the pregnant woman by the isolation of food borne bacteria and clinical bacteria (i.e if there is any difference in the affect of the same strains bacteria like listeria monocytogenousus from food or from clinical ) and also understand how toward public health, can impact upon their business. INDUSTRY and ITS CRITICS I will look at a number of public resources produced related to food and clinical. Government statistics and food safety/inspection programs will be part of my interest. But I will also want to see what kind of argument is going on between food and clinical groups. How do they report information about crises and how do they describe the health and safety issues. BOOKS ON microbiological bacteria; POPULAR MEDIA I hope to get a sense of some of the general trends in microbiology bacteria toward what who they deal with the pathogenic bacteria. ACADEMIC and SPECIALIZED JOURNALS ON microbiology Ultimately I hope to get some solid information on safety and risk of various kinds of bacteria, in relation both to food-borne diseases and the clinical  borne diseas, but also to general health. At this point, I have not been able to find a general enough treatment of these issues to be of much help. References Listeria monocytogenes: the nature, public health aspects and retrospective situations of an emerging infectious pathogen in Nigerian OOC Chukwu, ID Chukwu, OA Olabode, CI Nwosuh, CI Nwosuh Animal Production Research Advances Vol. 2(2) 2006: 86-93 Public Health Agency of Canada. (2008). Listeria monocytogenes outbreak.http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/alert-alerte/listeria/listeria_2008-eng.php Roberts, A. J., & Wiedmann, M. (2003). Pathogen, host and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 60(5), 904-918

Journey to the Centre of the Earth

Themes There are a few themes in the novel, Journey to the Centre of the Earth. The first theme is achieving one’s dream. Professor Lidenbrock shows that with determination, one can achieve one’s dream. So when he got an opportunity to do so in making the  journey to the centre of the Earth, he seized it immediately. At the end of this novel, he successfully completed the journey. Second theme is facing challengers with perseverance and courage. Many times during the journey, the travelers faced challengers.For example, Axel wanted to turn back but the Professor and Hans persevered till Hans courageously explored the cave to look for a stream. Third theme is facing difficulties with optimism. Axel lost hope many times and wanted to give up. Fortunately, his uncle was full of optimism throughout the journey. For example, when they went through the chasm of fire, his uncle believed they were on their way back to the surface. He was right. His optimism kept them going ti ll they completed the  journey. Moral ValuesIn the novel, Journey to the Centre of the earth, the moral value I have learned is we should practice co-operation, obedience and loyalty when doing work as a group. Professor Otto Lidenbrock, Axel and Hans undertook the journey to the centre of the earth. They were unsure of  what they would see and the dangers they would face. To make sure they were safe, they worked together and looked after each other. Hans saved Axel when he almost fell into the pit from a tunnel. Hans made the effort to look for water to save them.He made the raft for them to sail across the sea. Axel did everything his uncle expected of him. There was co-operation, obedience and loyalty. Synopsis In the novel, Journey to the Centre of the earth, Professor Lidenbrock discovers a coded message in an ancient  manuscript about a way to get into the centre of the Earth through a mountain in Iceland. After decoding the message, Lidenbrock and Axel set off to Icelan d to begin their journey to the centre of the Earth. They hire an Icelandic guide, Hans Bjelke to help them on their journey.When they enter the volcanic crater, they face several difficulties and see a lot of strange things, including prehistoric life. They build a raft and set sail on the ocean and reach a coastline. They are swept into a large vent filling with water and magma and are ejected onto the surface. When they regain consciousness, they find out that they are on the island of Stromboli in Italy. They return home to Germany. In Germany they are treated like heroes and Professor Lidenbrock's achievements are recognized. Axel marries Gretchen, and Hans eventually returns to Iceland.Charaters Professor Otto Lidenbrock Professor Otto Lidenbrock is a middle aged eccentric dedicated scientist. He had an intense scientific curiosity. After reading the runic script, he was decided to make the journey to the centre of the Earth. Once he had decided to do it, he pursued it till it was accomplished. He was concerned for Axel through the journey. When Axel wanted to give up and turn back, hepersevered Axel to continue the journey. At the end of this novel, He succeeded in making the journey and returned to Hamburg a hero.Professor Otto Lidenbrock became a well-known scientist internationally acclaimed. Axel Lidenbrock Axel Lidenbrock was Professor Lidenbrock’s young nephew. He had a girlfriend by the name of Gretchen. At times, he was helpful to his uncle. It was him who found the secret to decode the message in the script. Later, he found the message on the back of the paper he was holding. Though he had misgivings about the journey his uncle wanted to embark, his loyalty to him made him go with his uncle.However, he could not endure the hardships of  discovery. Many time he wanted to give up and return home. Hans Bjelke Hans Bjelke was an Icelandic guide who was reliable and brave. He was a strong and reliable man, he spoke few words. He was good at his job as a guide. Being resourceful, he always had the things needed. When they had to climb down the cave, he had the ropes ready for them to do it. Through his help, Axel and his uncle succeeded in completing the journey.

Free Essays on Similarities And Differences In Windows 2000 And Unix

A process is the most fundamental tool used in modern operating systems. An operating system’s main role is to create, manage, and terminate processes. These process management functions include allocating time for implementation, managing their actions and conflicts, and allocating resources for the processes. An operating system must track each process by keeping a description, or image, which contains the address space and a control block. (Stallings 140) UNIX Process Management Unix takes advantage of a simple process capability that is easily seen by the user. It executes its process in a user process environment. Two processes are necessary for this system to develop correctly. These include a user process and a system process. The system processes are used to execute code used to carry out in-system functions of the operating system. The user processes are broken down into two separate areas; the user mode and the kernel mode. The user mode is called when the system executes a user program. The kernel mode is used when an interrupt occurs. (Stallings 135)... Free Essays on Similarities And Differences In Windows 2000 And Unix Free Essays on Similarities And Differences In Windows 2000 And Unix A process is the most fundamental tool used in modern operating systems. An operating system’s main role is to create, manage, and terminate processes. These process management functions include allocating time for implementation, managing their actions and conflicts, and allocating resources for the processes. An operating system must track each process by keeping a description, or image, which contains the address space and a control block. (Stallings 140) UNIX Process Management Unix takes advantage of a simple process capability that is easily seen by the user. It executes its process in a user process environment. Two processes are necessary for this system to develop correctly. These include a user process and a system process. The system processes are used to execute code used to carry out in-system functions of the operating system. The user processes are broken down into two separate areas; the user mode and the kernel mode. The user mode is called when the system executes a user program. The kernel mode is used when an interrupt occurs. (Stallings 135)...

The Privatization or Commodification of Water

The Privatization or Commodification of Water Introduction For a long time, ethics has been seen as the study of what comprises good and bad conduct which includes the values that influence the conduct. Generally, contemporary culture has given humans unprecedented liberty and prosperity which has necessitated the growth of the concept of ethics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Privatization or Commodification of Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics on the other hand has existed in the form of reflection on the ethical dimensions of business exchanges and institutions whereby the concept has been understood in two distinctive ways, where one group views it from the background of philosophy while the other group views it from the background of business community (Brenkert and Beauchamp 3). These two approaches are not exclusive, but the philosophical approach appears to be the broader of the two. In all cases, it becomes important t o appreciate the fact that moral problems and the process of analyzing them invites different forms of useful analysis. Water forms an essential commodity that ensures continuity of life, though for a long time no systematic way has been elaborated in appreciating its value (Brown and Schmidt 3). For long, people have regarded water as a renewable commodity that has potential to develop without limit. With the larger society utilizing water in different ways such as irrigation, energy and burgeoning urban centers, the reality is now clearer that like just other renewable commodities, water is a finite resource. However, providing answers to modern water problems requires giving answers to questions of value: how should society capture, store or distribute water; at what cost; for whom; and for how long (Brown and Schmidt 4). All these questions are regarded as ethical because just like any other essential resource, determining a fair and just distribution of water has direct effects on human and nonhuman lives and also the systems that sustain them. Commodification of water Borgmann argues that the driving force of the contemporary society is the aspect of commodification which is described as, that vital structure of modern society of the market which conveys a sense of moral censure (Borgmann 143). The author, in reference to Viviana Zelizer, states that, â€Å"economic prophets have frequently warned us against global commodification and the loss of the moral-emotional fiber it brings† (Borgmann 144). Using the Marx’s concept of commodification, Borgmann first sees the concept to possess the verb to commodify, which to him is â€Å"to draw something from outside the market into the market so that it becomes available for sale and purchase† (Borgmann 144).Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx looked at the va rious ways in which capitalism perceived the production of things such as wheat, shoes and clothing out of the hands and circumstances of the farmers, artisan and householders, stripped them of their context of skills and persons, of exchanges and uses and made them into commodities (goods) whose importance was reduced to their price. Moreover, Marx became critical of how labor was being converted into something that could be purchased and sold under conditions that only favored the capitalists and made the workers beggars (Borgmann 144); thus, commodification became purely and totally exploitation. The contemporary discussions continue to see the concept of commodification as contested. In such discussions, the broader agreement has remained that, certain goods such as justice should never be for sale (Borgmann 145). But other goods have continued to draw divided opinions. For a long time, goods at issue in this discussion have generally constituted those in Michael Walzer’s list of items which are subject to ‘blocked exchanges’: 1) Human beings; 2) political power and influence; 3) criminal justice; 4) freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly; 5) marriage and procreation; 6) the right to leave the political community; 7) exemptions from military service, from jury duty, and from any other form of communally imposed work; 8) political offices; 9) basic welfare services like police protection or primary and secondary schooling; 10) desperate exchanges; 11) prizes and honors of many sorts; 12) divine grace; 13) love and friendship; and 14) a long series of criminal sales (Borgmann p.145). The above list can be complete if addition of certain public goods is made. These public goods are; clean air and clean water, safety from crime, basic health care and public lands. The main argument in disfavor of commodification of public goods is that commodification may leads to social injustice, for instance, if education is totally commodified, th e children of the poor will get no education or for them, inferior education will be enough (Borgmann p.145). Commodification of water: Public vs. Private debate There exist two debates that continue to dominate the lives of many people concerning the issue of water. For instance, there are arguments whether water services should remain public or go private. One of the arguments â€Å"is concerned with practical issues of efficiency and economics, and the other is about principle† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox p.10). Privatizing water in a country like USA has been a hard venture to undertake. Those opposed to such move include personalities such as Barlow of the Council of Canadians and Tony Clarke of Canada’s Polaris Institute (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox 10). The two have opposed the move to privatize water in principle and they are convinced that private companies should only get involved in narrow areas of infrastructure development but not allowed to have ownership, contr ol or delivery of the basic service.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Privatization or Commodification of Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To them, the process or actions of commodifying water is generally wrong in terms of ethics, environmental and social (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox p.10). They are on the view that the process will, â€Å"insure that decisions regarding the allocation of water would center on commercial, not environmental or social justice considerations; privatization means that management of water resources is based on principles of scarcity and profit maximization rather than long-term sustainability† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox 10). Contrary to this position, there is a divergent view which has been adopted by Peter Cook of the National Association of Water Companies who is convinced that if market principles are applicable to other products in the market, then water as a com modity cannot be exceptional. Cook sees nothing wrong or unethical in making profits from water since the money which has been pumped into the business by the investors is used to benefit customers and provide them with services. Cook sums up his position by quoting the bible by stating that, the bible and especially the Ten Commandments have no provision that prohibits people from making profits, and utilities need to be operated as enterprises (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox pp.10-11). To this extent, â€Å"the practical debate over who can provide water better focuses on the issues of transparency, efficiency, rates, and sustainability† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox pp.11).. Indeed, most of these values are possible in public controlled enterprises but far more difficult in private owned enterprises or corporations. Ethical dilemma The essence of water being a commodity that sustains life has drawn conflicting debates and reactions on whether it is ethical to commodify and therefore s ubject it to market competition principles. This particular confusion has been precipitated by the actions of United Nations to declare that water is a human right that should be accessible to everyone. The question that arises is; are their moral consequences that arise as a result of commodifying water and hence its availability and accessibility largely become determined by market mechanisms? Ethical lapse In most cases, ethical lapse can be categorized into three groups: deception, stealing and harming (Howard and Korver 13). There exists many variants to these but the mentioned three have come out as the most wrongdoings which people commit.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lying has been described in many ways that include: doctor, cover up, overstate, understate, misinform, misguide or stretch the truth (Howard and Korver p.14). additionally, the act of lying has psychological costs, for example, when individuals lie there is always a clash between their values and who they are; lying also creates barriers in relationships and soils self-image of an individual (Howard and Korver p.15). Moral reasoning The contemporary society is faced with a situation where people are facing dilemma on various ethical decisions and as a result there have been numerous methods of moral reasoning. Moral reasoning has taken center stage in various social issues as people continue to debate on what is right and what is wrong or what ought to be or not be done. In most cases many people are convinced that it is not necessary the principles which determine what is right or wrong, but the consequences produced by the actions in question (Rae p.81). When a particular course of action or decision produces the best set of consequences, then to majority such actions need to be allowed and accepted. In other words the action(s) that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms is the one that is considered as the most moral. Generally actions considered right or wrong (morality) should depend on the situation and also on what the cultural consensus of right and wrong is at that time. In the case of commodifying water, if the society and hence culture reaches consensus that water commodification is wrong then it would be morally wrong to commodify or privatize water. Ethical approaches Utilitarianism ethics Utilitarianism ethics postulate that morality of an act is determined by the end result. From this observation, utilitarianism conviction is that the moral choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people or at the same time the moral choice is the course of action that produces more good consequences than harmf ul ones. Utilitarianism sometimes is regarded as consequentialism ethics due to its emphasis on the consequences of an action. Jeremy Bentham, one of the philosophers credited to utilitarianism believed in hedonistic utilitarianism which postulates that â€Å"the most moral acts are those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain† (Rae p.85). On the other hand John Mill, another believer of utilitarianism ethics established his approach which differed from that of Bentham which was general concept of maximizing the general happiness, or what he termed as the greatest good for the greatest number. Hence ethics can be seen as the art of directing the actions of people so as to bring about the greatest possible happiness to all those who are concerned with these actions. As a result, Bentham observed that the interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members. In sum the utilitarianism principle hold that, â€Å"an action is right from an ethical point of view if and only if the sum total of utilities produced by that act is greater than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act the agent could have performed in its place† (Fernando p.34). Water commodification can be analyzed within the precepts of utilitarianism ethics where business principles can take a backseat to consequences, if on balance, commodification of water provides more beneficial consequences for more people then utilitarianism ethics consider it to be the most moral choice. Evaluation of actions needs to be made on the basis of benefits or harms the action(s) will bring upon human beings. The morality of the theory is that, individual or an organization performing particular actions need to impartially take into account interests of everyone on equal basis. Kantian ethics Kant was convinced that morality should be derived from recognition that people share a common human condition and what makes humans valuable and special is their ability to re ason and that moral rules based on reason should govern human behavior. To Kant moral rules need to be based on tradition, intuition, desire, conscience, emotion and sympathy and that free will among humans comes from their ability to reason and prompts them to develop rules for moral behavior which in turn can be applicable universally disregarding utilitarianism consequences. The moral rules established needs to recognize the fact that all people have a certain human dignity and therefore they should be accorded respect as autonomous beings (Fernando p.35). According to Kant moral ethics, an action is only moral for an individual in a certain situation if, and only if, the individual’s reason for carrying out the action is one that he or she would be willing to have every person act on in any similar situation. At the same time moral worth would not be attached to an action motivated singularly to promote individual interests or for pleasure and that if an action is wrong f or other people, it is wrong for any one person. For Kant an action is regarded morally worth if it reflects a good will and it is only when individuals act from duty that their actions are regarded to be moral worth. As a result Kant believes that ethics should be grounded in reason alone and not on human nature (Fernando p.35). Ethicality in commodifying water On November 27 2002, United Nation declared water to be a human right for the first time and went a head to require states to adopt key legal mechanisms that would ensure this fundamental right is achieved (Sierra Club par. 1). From UN observation, the conviction was that privatizing water could not be achieved since it is impossible to marry the profit motive of a private enterprise and the necessity and importance of a commodity like water which many people require in order to survive (utilitarianism). The conclusion is that the issue of rendering water as a private thing should be done away from the market place since wat er belongs to earth, to all species, to the future generation and in this regard no one has the right to commodify water for personal (deontological) or corporate gain (Sierra Club par. 1). On advancing this claim, the Cochabamba Declaration of December 8, 2000, which brought together interested parties aimed at ensuring the privatization of water, was not achieved (welfare concern). To cement and solidify their claim the group came up with key points to be observed which turned out to constitute the Cochabamba Declaration (Sierra Club par. 4). To the group access to water is the fundamental right of every human and all humans are required to respect nature as they use water given by the earth. The three main points formulated were: Water was described to belong to the earth and also to all species of the world and that water need to be regarded as sacred to life, and from this view the water of the world needs to be conserved, reclaimed and put under adequate protection in order t o ensure the future generation is safe; Water was described as fundamental human right and also as a public trust that needs to be guarded by all structures of the government and as a result it should not be commodified, privatized or commercially traded; lastly Water can be best protected by local communities and people and who must be given equal respect as partners of various governments in the process of protecting and regulating water (Sierra Club par. 5). Conclusion Water ethic has developed in many societies as a result of continued efforts by enterprises and corporation to commodifying water. As a result, in most societies specifically the developed ones, water ethics commodification and privatization with marginalized access to water continue to raise key questions such as: Can water be sustainably managed while the global financial institutions and transnational corporations possess the means to do so? How can the empowerment of public and rights of people over water be r estored? How can global skills, capital and user practices are reconciled with the need and desire for control over water of local people? Such questions give an impression of how fundamental ethics has become essential in addressing the issue of water commodification. Ethical reasoning in regards to water will ensure proper, efficient and sustainable use of water despite its scarcity in nature. Borgmann, Albert. Real American ethics: taking responsibility for our country. IL, University of Chicago Press. 2006. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=fJJccik-SRECpg=PA145dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=zQZpTPagL5H34gb75pyZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=Ethics%20of%20commodification%20of%20waterf=false. Brenkert, George G. and Beauchamp, Tom L. The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics. NY, Oxford University Press US. 2009. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1BDj7SRUsCpg=PA78dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl= enei=GvJoTPmcB4aS4gb6npCZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepageqf=false. Brown, Peter G. and Schmidt, Jeremy J. Water Ethics: Foundational Readings for Students and Professionals. NW, Island Press. 2010. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=fwFXY-vAwNsCpg=PA161dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=GvJoTPmcB4aS4gb6npCZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Fernando, A. C. Business Ethics: An Indian Perspective. New Delhi, Pearson Education India, 2009. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=A-k_uWkGCEUCpg=PA35dq=business+ethics+theorieshl=enei=Od1rTLK0EcHT4wa4ncDkAgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=business%20ethics%20theoriesf=false. Howard, Ronald A. and Korver, Clinton D. Ethics for the real world: creating a personal code to guide decisions in work and life. MA, Harvard Business Press. 2008. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=OqnrtQFfXb0Cprintsec=fron tcoverdq=Ethics+for+the+Real+World.hl=enei=RBtqTKP8LZCl4Qan5OCaAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Rae, Scott B. Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. MI, Zondervan, 2000. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=n55iiynlwmMCpg=PA77dq=moral+reasoninghl=enei=1sVrTN_nHMKk4Qb9kJz3Agsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=moral%20reasoningf=false. Sierra Club. Corporate Water Privatization: Water is a Human Right not a Commodity. 2008. 16 August 2010. sierraclub.org/committees/cac/water/human_right/. Snitow, Allan, Kaufman, Deborah and Fox, Michael. Thirst: fighting the corporate theft of our water. CA, John Wiley and Sons. 2007. 16 August 2010.https://books.google.com/books?id=wyW30HVewtACpg=PA10dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=tiNpTMXOIuTT4waqqZiZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepageq=Ethics%20of%20commodification%20of%20waterf=false.

Analysis of Pakistan Industry

Ans. Pakistan economy is growing steadily. This growth demands higher energy utilization and accordingly putting high pressure on countries economy. Pakistan mainly depends upon oil and gas resources to fulfill energy necessities. Native resources of Oil are not enough to put out energy thirst of the growing economy. As a result Pakistan has to import large quantity of oil and oil based products from Middle East countries. Gas assets in the country are enough for current gas requirements. So natural gas is playing a key role in power sector. Currently in oil upstream and downstream sector there are some local and international companies involved and government of Pakistan is creating such policies that it can attract more international sponsors in this sector but the quicked rate of knots of change, high degree of inability to make up your mind and unstable political situation of the country present momentous challenges and menace to foreign investment. There are so many Industries in Pakistan, some are gigantic and some are undersized. Each and every industry has its own criteria; Main industries of Pakistan are Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals, Information Technology, Shipping Logistics and Petroleum industry, which are working on a huge scale of Pakistan. The industry which we selected is Petroleum Industry of Pakistan. Objective of our research is to highlight the present status of petroleum industry in Pakistan and its future projections keeping in view the internal result situation and geopolitical outward appearance of the county. Oil is passes through two processes both are listed below: 1. Extraction of Petroleum: The taking out of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth. Process: Extracting crude oil usually starts with drilling wells into the subversive reservoir. When an oil well has been spigoted, a geologist (known on the rig as the mud logger) will note its presence. Such a mud logger is known to be sitting on the assemble. Historically, in the USA, some oil fields stay alived where the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been used up, except in certain places in Alaska. Often many wells (called multilateral wells) are drilled into the same reservoir, to guarantee that the extraction rate will be economically feasible. Also, some wells (secondary wells) may be used to pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure, and so maintain an economic extraction rate. 2. OIL REFINARY: An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, and asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Process: Oil refineries are characteristically large, rambling industrial multifariouses with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of, as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depository (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for storage of immensity liquid products. An oil refinery is considered an indispensable part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry. Historical Background of Petroleum in Pakistan First well was drilled in 1866 at Kundal in the upper region of Indus valley. Shallow wells were drilled in the following years, and from 1886, small scale production of oil started in Khattan (Balochistan). In 1915, the first series of commercial oil discovery was made in the Potwar basin (Punjab). After independence in 1947, there was a need for an appropriate legislative framework to organize the petroleum sector, therefore the policies for petroleum were introduced in 1949. These rules or policies contained inducement that generated a new beckon of exploration. The Government of Pakistan decided to enter directly into oil exploration in order to sustain the exploration effort with assistance from U. S. S. R they established the Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC) in the public sector in 1961, which provided successful track in discovery of oil and gas reserves with in the country. Due to Pakistan’s modest oil production, the country is dependent on oil imports to satisfy domestic oil demand. As of November 2006, Pakistan had consumed approximately 350 thousand barrels of oil and various petroleum products, of which, more than 80 percent was imported. 2. 2 Major Players of this Industry: Q. 2 List five largest companies in your industry holding 51% of share in the market? (Descriptive Analysis) Ans. Major Players in upstream sector: 1. Oil Gas Development Company Limited: OGDC was created in 1961 under an agreement signed by GOP with USSR for financing paraphernalias and services of Soviet experts for exploration of oil and gas in the sector. During 1970s, Western technology was introduced and it also under took an belligerent program in Exploration sector of Pakistan. Seventies spreading outs resulted in discovery of number of oil fields and hence OGDCL financial independence. Pakistan holds 74. 82% venture in the company. 2. Pakistan Petroleum Limited: Incorporated on June 5, 1950 as a Public Limited company, PPL presented at birth all the assets and liabilities of the Burmah Oil Company (Pakistan Concessions) Limited, and on targeted business on 01 July 1952. In 1997, Burmah sold PPL to GoP. In July 2004 the government sold 15% of these holdings to general municipal as part of Privatization Program. PPLs present exploration portfolio consists of 17 exploration blocks out of which nine (9) areas, including one (1) offshore block, are PPL operated and eight (8) areas including one (1) offshore block are partner operated. As of June 30, 2006, the remaining confirmed recoverable assets of PPL consisted of 4. 391 TCf of gas (784 million barrels of oil equivalent) and around 21 millions of barrel oil. The company’s current hydrocarbon construction interms of energy is equivalent to around 184,000 barrels of crude oil per day. The stipulate for the energy is rising due to economic growth. Therefore to meet the demand PPL has embarked on various detections to intensify theenergy supply. GoP hold 70. 66% of the shares. 3. Pakistan State Oil: Pakistan State Oil is the largest oil company and the only national one in Pakistan with 61% market share in overall sales volume. When the overall sales volume had been moribund in the past few years, the company decided to enthusiastically chase retail markets with new, modernized pumps. The company has also introduced a variety of products that will help them in maintaining their market share which include corporate credit cards, fleet cards and prepaid cards. They have built New Vision channels to make available better eminence service to its customers. 4. Shell Pakistan: In 1928, to boost their allocation competencies, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were amalgamated and Burmah Shell Oil Storage Distribution Company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transmitted to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell Limited (PBS). The Shell and the Burmah Groups maintained the remaining 49% in equal propositions. In February 1993, as economic liberalization commenced to take starting place and the Burmah dissociated from from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51%. The years 2001-2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company sequentially increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76% stake in Shell Pakistan Limited (SPL). 5. National Refinery Limited: National Refinery Limited (NRL) is a petroleum refinery and petrochemical complex affianced in the manufacture and supplies of asphalts, BTX, fuel products and lubes for domestic expenditure and export. NRL stands to be the second largest refinery of Pakistan in term of crude oil handing out capability and the only lube oil refinery of the country. The company controls within fuel and lube business subdivisions. Fuel segment is primarily a miscellaneous supplier of fuel products offering furnace oil, high speed diesel (HSD), jet fuels, liquefied petroleum gas, motor gasoline and it exports naphtha. Lube segment mainly endows with different types of lube base oils, asphalts, some fuel products, waxes and rubber process oil, while it also sell overseas lube base oils. Company holds 55% market shares. Macro Environmental Analysis POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: 1. Environmental Issues: Poor natural resource management and extending high population rise in Pakistan has a negative impact on Pakistan’s environment. Pakistan is focusing to achieve self-sufficiency in food yield, coping with energy requirement and bearing its high population growth rather to restrict on population or other environmental issues. Lack of funding efforts is apparent in Pakistan’s environmental protection. 2. Future Legislation Home Markets: There’s not as such future legislation in Pakistan regarding petroleum because the petroleum prices fluctuate every day and it’s set by our Regulatory Agencies of petroleum in Pakistan by seeing the international prices of Oil. 3. Regulatory Bodies Processes: Regulatory bodies mostly work administratively with government but for all practical purposes it work independent. Nevertheless, its independency maybe confined by the rules and regulation which more often than not established by the ministry itself. Sometimes the problems or the issues are multi-sectorial or multi-ministerial and therefore mostly treated by the Prime Minister (PM) himself and his Cabinet Division. It has been observed that OGRA-(Oil Gas Regulatory Authority) can’t perform its work properly; it’s because of the unduly going up prices of CNG LPG therefore, they cannot able to shape out space of itself. Now coming up to the oil pricing it has been observed that OCAC-(Oil Companies Advisory Committee) has executed and could execute better than OGRA. It has been seen mostly that OGRA just give recommendations for oil pricing but it’s depend on government that they give subsidy or not. Now OGRA’s job today is to calculate the price and print it. There are many ifs and buts in it, which OGRA should have made a practice of talking about in broad day light in public audience than determining on these quietly and sliding into the pricing system. 4. Government Policies: The Government of Pakistan is aware of the striking changes that have taken place in the pricing and cost environment of the international oil and gas industry. The forceful increase in the crude oil prices in the international market has changed the nature of the EP- (Exploration and Production) sectors which necessitates forceful changes in the approach towards the sector. In addition, the GoP-(Government of Pakistan) recognizes the operating disputes and circumstances for the Pakistan oil exploration and development industry. Today, more than ever before, the GoP stands committed to providing fiscal and regulatory inducement that would increase and facilitate EP companies in stimulating their exploration and development programs in order to maximize domestic oil and gas production in the coming years. 5. Trading Policies: However, exploration and development industry people fear that the policy, which would provide the much took impulse to the exploration activities, might fall prey to the political exploitation following condemnation of the prime minister. The sources said that the policy was presented before the Council of Common Interest (CCI) and was forwarded to provinces for comments. All the provinces nod was needed for the implementation and the Punjab government’s reservations regarding the PM’s conviction could go adverse for the policy, they said. Industry people said that the Petroleum Policy 2012 would provide the much took impulse to the exploration and production activities in the country and there must not be any delay in its announcement. The new petroleum policy is the oil and gas producing province would acquire 12. 5 % of imperial. The Windfall Levy Oil (WLO) and Windfall Levy Gas (WLG) charges have been reduced from 50 % to 40 %, the sources said, adding that the crude price range for applicability of WLO has also been moved up from $30-100 per barrel range to $40-110 per barrel. The minimal working interest that local companies are demanded to hold has been increased to 20 % from 15 %, they added. 6. Funding, Grants Initiatives: Pakistan State Oil (PSO) has decided to stop the supply of oil to power companies on credit basis as the amount due is fix to cross the Rs. 200 billion mark. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources has asked the Ministry of Water and Power to arrange funds and buy oil on cash. A petroleum ministry official said, â€Å"If power companies do not release funds for furnace oil, the water and power ministry should directly import furnace oil or buy from local refineries for running the power plants. † PSO, the largest oil marketing company of the country, imports and supplies furnace oil to power companies on deferred payment. â€Å"Now, PSO will not open letters of credit (LC) for furnace oil import unless power companies pay cash,† the official said. To classify the matter, the Ministry of Finance did a meeting. According to the official, the supply of high-speed diesel and other petroleum products is being hurt because of increasing dues to be paid by power companies. Because of the financial crunch, PSO has also not been able to pay the refineries, which in turn are facing difficulties in importing crude oil and making payments to national oil and gas explorer Oil and Gas Development Company-(OGDC). Oil refineries and gas distribution companies are to pay over Rs. 131 billion to OGDC, which has haltered exploration activity. Qatari investors have been invited to invest in the oil and petroleum sector of Pakistan during the recently held second session of the Pak-Qatar Join Ministerial Commission here. During the session of the committee, the Qatari delegation was appraised on the opportunities in Pakistan’s oil and petroleum sector. It was also altered of the potential in Pakistan’s offshore oil exploration opportunities and government incentives being extended in this regard. The delegation promised to assess these proposals individually. It is apt to note that Qatar’s Minister of Energy and Industry had recently been in Pakistan to attend the Pak-Qatar Join Ministerial Commission. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: The economic-environmental analysis of petroleum industry in Pakistan basically gives the wide picture of industry operations analyzing the impacts of economy and environment like the policies specified for this particular industry, regulations, market distribution assessment and costs incurred. In short it focuses on economic trends of petroleum industry in Pakistan and its effects. 1. Home Economy Situation: Pakistan’s economy is at developing stage. Due to this, the world believes that it is good place to invest. But the economy never remains steady and it fluctuates. From Pakistan’s perspective, this usually occurs due to political unrest in the country or due to failure of any economic policy. Petroleum industry in Pakistan, as the research says has no such issues related to economic situation of country except pricing. The demand and supply of petroleum goods is seen always balanced and the companies at their position are functioning properly. Petroleum sector in Pakistan is one of the most profitable sectors in the country. However the exchange rate has been a problem due to which the petroleum products in Pakistan are pretty expensive than the other countries of the region and world. This is because the government is not ready to provide subsidy on petroleum goods due to the laid guidelines by IMF to achieve the economic targets. This makes the conditions bounded and the chances of expansion and development of the industry become less. 2. Home Economy Trends: From past two or three years, Pakistan’s economy is facing crisis in the form of lesser export volume and devaluation of currency. These are two major problems. But experts say that when an economy is in crisis, that is the best time to take advantage of new opportunities and change the trends. Pakistan has gone through significant economic changes in the last few decades but the some problems that are now considered the core problems of economy are still unsolved. On the top of these problems is inflation. Inflation in Pakistani economy is caused by unstructured fiscal and monetary policies. Reports of last ten years show that the high inflation in the economy of the country is due to the expansionary policies and the increase in oil prices internationally. High oil prices resulted in high transportation charges and expensive energy. Apart from this issue, Pakistan also faces the problems of â€Å"Balance of payment†. The interference of IMF in the country’s economy does not allow the government to set the policies according the nation’s demand and condition. It’s always directed to compensate the deficit faced. 3. Overseas Economies and trends: The world economic development is on the move and different economies are working together to carry out a research on present issues and develop a new structure or ways to carry out trade with less restrictions and increased benefits. The centers of these researches are: A: Merchandise Trade B: International Capital movements C: International Balance of trade D: Exchange rates E: Trade in services The Oil producing countries (OPCs), according to IMF, have the fiscal oil revenue 25% more than the total fiscal revenue. The economy and policies of OPCs are of major interest because these countries put direct impact on the oil prices worldwide and thus are a cause of inflation in many small countries because oil is basic commodity and used worldwide. The largest oil producer, Saudi Arabia has the total export balance of $350. 7 billion. About 90% of these exports comprises of crude oil and petroleum goods. The trend in international economy is seen ever increasing with small fall downs that occur worldwide named as â€Å"Economic Meltdown†. 4. General Taxation Issues: A government official claimed recently that the government charges Rs 46. 18 per litre tax on fuels. This is a big amount. Petroleum goods mainly come from imports and that’s the main ground for the government to charge taxes on it. Apart from the imports, the oil production inside the country is also not so cheap. The refineries operating in the country are entitled to pay 10% to 40% tax on their paid-up capital. Due to this the profit margin of petroleum dealers has come down because they had to pay various indirect and direct taxes. In Pakistan there are four different kinds of taxes on petroleum goods. This huge taxation is done in many countries. 5. Taxation specific to product/services: Taxes on petroleum products vary. In Pakistan, government charges different amount of tax on petrol, diesel and kerosene oil. The current figures of this sales tax are Rs 24. 58 on each litre of petrol, Rs 18. 99 on each litre of diesel and Rs 18. 85 on each litre of kerosene oil. These amounts keep varying as the â€Å"oil and gas regulatory authority† makes recommendations to the government after every 15 days. Similarly different other petroleum products like engine oils, greases, lubricants and fuels are taxed. 6. Seasonality/weather issues: Pakistan is a country of four seasons and there is no specific extreme weather. So there is no such issue of weather and season on the production and sales of petroleum goods in general. It is considered as stable industry for its increasing demand and supply. However, during last two years, the industry faced minor losses of plants and supply due to wrathful floods in the country. Although losses were there and there was a cut off of supplies in many parts of the country but that ended when water levels came down. 7. Market and trade cycles: The market cycles related to oil industry results in oil prices fluctuation. During last two decades, the world has seen number of price shifts. This is because of some macroeconomic effects of the industry worldwide. In Pakistan, as the major part of oil is imported, the industry has the effect of global market cycles. Oil price shifts are directly transferred to Pakistan’s industry because we are the importer of oil. Every sector gets affected by it. So there is no specific trade cycle of petroleum industry of Pakistan. It is shared internationally as many countries do. The industry is on the mercy of international price controllers. 8. Specific Industry factors: Every industry has some factors that have influence on production, development and crisis of the industry. The main analysis of these factors is called PEST analysis. This analysis includes the Political, economic, social and technological aspects of the industry. These four are the major heads. Apart from these, there are other factors like â€Å"legal† and production factors like land, labor and capital. The political factors in Pakistan petroleum industry is of greater importance because the leading market shares holder i. e. PSO has around 65% alone, and the company is state owned. So there is the state intervention in the company policies and decisions. 9. Market routes and distributions: Out of five major oil refineries in Pakistan, three are situated in Karachi. One is situated in Punjab and one is situated in Baluchistan. From these refineries, the petroleum is mainly transported to filling stations in the whole country. The distribution process is different for different companies. Some companies like chevron and PSO has its own distribution network and they supply the petroleum in all over the country through their own oil tankers. Whereas Shell, which is another market share holder, supplies petroleum through its own distribution network and also through the contract carriers spread all over the country. The condition and setup of distribution is good all over the country. Also, there is no issue related to absence of market routes and remote customers. 10. Customer/end user drivers: The users of petroleum are mainly the automobile owners. There are approximately 8 million vehicles on the roads of Pakistan currently. These 8 million vehicles use petroleum as the basic means of energy to run. Although the demand of CNG shown an abrupt increase in the past decade, but the demand of petrol and diesel didn’t shift much due to that. After these vehicles, the second big user of petroleum is industries. It is the primary fuel to most of industries located all over the country. The demand of petroleum remains high in every season, every part of the year, as per production requirements. Apart from industries and vehicles, there is use of petroleum in electricity generation in the country. Furnace oil is one of the most important petroleum products which are responsible for the power production. 11. Interest and exchange rates: There is an indirect and â€Å"inverse co-relation† between the interest rate and price of petroleum in a country. Increasing or decreasing the interest rate, may result in the demand and finally the price of oil. In Pakistan, the current interest rate is 12%. The state bank of Pakistan takes the decision of setting the interest rate. Exchange rate has the direct impact over the oil prices in Pakistan. From the past two decades, the value of Rupee against the dollar has fallen abruptly. This difference of value results in higher fuel prices. After the international market rates, exchange rate is the second big reason of high petroleum prices in the country. 12. International trade/monetary issues: Internationally, crude oil and all major refined petroleum products are traded. The global oil markets are facing new challenges daily. Time to time, the structure and working of these markets have changed a lot. Prices were stable before, but nowadays they are volatile. Similarly participants in the market were limited and established, but now there are numerous players in the market. Apart from the markets, there is an increase of intermediaries in oil trade. In past, there was only a bank that has to deal between seller and buyer of oil. But now there are many services offered by financial institutions, global funds and industry factors. There are various monetary issues related to Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan applies its monetary policy along with the fiscal policy to achieve the goals. This is due to some policy failures and mis- management of economic activities in the country. Obviously it has direct impact on trade process of the country and the central bank’s allowance of further imports. However the oil sector keeps its demand and supply in level very well. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: 1. Lifestyle Trends: Pakistan is in the grasp of a serious petroleum crisis that is affecting all sectors of the economy and the various segments of the society. As the today’s situation point of view, there are hardly any immediate solutions to resolve the issue. A change of attitude and a change of life style is needed at the national level which should be sparked by the ruling elite and followed by all segments of the society that have access to electricity. At best there could be some short and long-term solutions to the grasp but they need immediate planning and execution with an enormous investment. Our elite class still prefer Petrol or Diesel for their vehicles use the upper middle, Middle-middle uses CNG as against of Petrol – (Economy of Pakistan) 2. Demographics: With a per capita GDP of over $3000 (PPP, 2006) compared with $2600 (PPP, 2005) in 2005 the World Bank considers Pakistan a medium-income country, it is also recorded as a Medium Development Country on the Human Development Index2007. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which the government is trying to document and assess. Approximately 49% of adults are literate, and life expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007, is growing at about 1. 80%. Relatively few resources in the past had been devoted to socio-economic development or infrastructure projects. Inadequate provisions of social services, high birth rates and immigration from nearby countries in the past have contributed to a persistence of poverty. An influential recent study concluded that the fertility rate peaked in the 1980s, and has since fallen sharply. Pakistan has a family-income index of 41, close to the world average of 39 – (Economy of Pakistan) 3. Law Changes Effecting Social Factors: New trends and laws are creating a different type of consumer and, consequently, a need for different products, different services, and different strategies. In upcoming years Pakistan would be a state of Provincial rather than federal, Youth getting more independent. Steady change would be in ethnic balance. More educated buyers would be in market. Pakistan would have higher average lifespan and the numbers of youth will be more – (Key External Factors) 4. Brand, Company Technology Image: Numerous companies are working in petroleum sector of Pakistan but the PSO, PPL and SHELL are the major leaders of petroleum sectors. They are working effectively and efficiently in the petroleum sector, they have made strong bond of trust between their customers. They are using or bringing new technologies in petroleum sector, therefore their brand image is secure and far above the ground. Their mission is substantial supply of oil and gas for economic development and strategic necessity of Pakistan or to coordinate development of natural resources and minerals. 5. Ethical Issues: The policy of Pakistan Oil Exploration is one of hard and fast observance of all laws applicable to its business following the course of highest integrity. Any Oil Gas company need a solid system for legal compliance in place for the following reasons: Preservation of legal position. Good publicity. It’s reputation as a joint venture partner. Transparency for the board of directors/supervisory board/shareholders. For the reason of knowledge transfer and control. PSO stated that: â€Å"We do care how we get results. We expect compliance with our standard of integrity throughout the organization. We will not tolerate an employee who achieves results at the cost of violation of laws or unscrupulous dealings or who thinks it best not to tell higher management all that he is doing, not to record all transactions accurately in his books and records, and to deceive the Companys internal and external auditors. We expect candor from all employees of PSO, and compliance with accounting rules and controls. Our system of management must be based on honest book-keeping, honest budget proposals, and honest economic evaluation of projects. It is PSOs policy that all transactions shall be accurately reflected in its books and records. This, of course, means that falsification of its books and records and any off-the-record bank accounts are strictly prohibited† – (Scribd) TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: The technological-environmental analysis basically gives a complete picture of research and technology development. In any industry there are some problems at any particular time that needs to be solved by innovating new alternatives or technological change. These also have impact on our eco system and environment. The study and analysis of all these things is called the technological –environmental analysis. Here we will discuss the technological changes, Pakistan’s petroleum industry has gone through and there future issues and their suggested solutions. 1. Competing Technology Development: The petroleum industry, by nature, is technology driven industry. If researched in detail, petroleum industry uses the latest and large scale technological assistance to carry out the operations. The new methods of exploring, extracting and drilling are good examples of that. Petroleum companies spend a lot on their technological development to increase the efficiency and production. In Pakistan, the modern technology is made available by foreign oil services, and consulting companies. No such steps have been taken on government level to upgrade and adapt the new technology for the petroleum industry in the country. The companies on their own cannot purchase the expensive technology and therefore just hire to do the work. Something has to be done on this because the world keeps itself updated and technologically capable to increase its production and get the benefits in the form of profits. 2. Research funding: Pakistan’s petroleum sector is not much developed and equipped with latest machinery and equipment for exploring, and processing of petroleum. However its position is good enough to keep the demand and supply figures equal. The world is finding new alternatives of petroleum because of depletion of resources all around the world and increasing prices. Scientists and biologists have developed many substitutes of petrol and diesel and many of them are being used practically in many countries of the world. This needs research, which is not at it level best in Pakistan. The reason behind this lack of activity is absence of funding. Government seems to have no interest in this and therefore does not support to carry out such a research for future of Pakistan’s petroleum industry. The only company that has done some work in the field of research for new technology and an alternative is PSO, and that is on a smaller scale. There are ideas and resources but no one supports to have new development. 3. Associated/dependent technologies: From the beginning days of petroleum industry in Pakistan till now, there no prominent work done for the technological advancement and up gradation. The oil and gas development corporation (OGDC) is considered the entity which is responsible for the development of this sector in Pakistan. The oil exploring and processing firms are also responsib

An Ideal Bureaucracy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An Ideal Bureaucracy - Coursework Example A number of Americans believed that the size of the government had become too large and too expensive (Cropf, 2008). There was a general feeling that the bureaucracy was also growing at dangerous levels, and federal government employees had too much job securities and were becoming very inefficient. The system alienates the ordinary citizen from the government. In a bureaucratic society, the flow of information is not clear and departments are organized in a very confusing manner. Although there are some arguments that bureaucracy is inevitable and is a necessary evil, several counter arguments have been presented that portray bureaucracy size of government as being the biggest driver to bureaucratic tendencies. Anti-bureaucracy advocates have consistently called for the reduction of the federal government in order to improve the efficiency in service delivery (Griffin & Moorhead, 2014). As a response to the criticisms and in an effort to improve the image of the government, successive presidents have tried to institute reforms by ensuring that only the best-qualified individuals get the government

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Bussines and Society ( 2 questions) - Essay Example There are so many questions that filled my mind just by looking at the website of this artwork, and it made me excited about seeing the work of art for myself. According to the website, going to the Tate Modern Museum, where the artwork was actually located, can be by train, by bike, by bus, by cab, or even by coach. Located at Tate Modern Bankside, London SE1 9TG, the place is quite new for me. What made me interested about this area is that it is located in the middle of the city, where the impression of going to an urban concrete jungle is more dominant, rather than going to the museum. For this journey, I actually chose to go by the bus. This is because of the fact that by using the bus, you can see the sights around the city as you go along the way. In addition, you can also notice the types of the passengers using it (with the bus being a public transport), and notice where they are going. In this case, of course, I have seen that different people ride and take off at random po ints, most of them going to work or school. This scene made me remember the sunflower seeds, even though I have only seen it through the website, because I thought that we people are like those sunflower seeds in that museum: we may be unique in our own ways, but we are all located in a single space, and that we all go through our own business. In going to the museum, I actually used Route 344, which actually stops on Southwark Bridge Road. I used this Route because I thought that this was actually the shortest possible route; with the taking off point just a few minutes’ walk from the Bankside, where Tate Modern is located. It is a good thing for me to see that Tate Modern is actually located along a river, which gives me a sense of break from the monotonous urban concrete jungle which is an everyday experience in the London metropolis. This also served to remind me that London is not all about business and industries, but there are also valuable places where one can see bea utiful works of art. One of the major influences of my journey to my experience on the exhibit was a reflection upon China products, in relation to individuality (which was also provided when I visited the website). Recently, there has actually been a scandal wherein Chinese products are somewhat defective and below quality standards, yet they are actually threatening the world’s economy due to the flooding of their cheap products unto the western market. In this scandal, it can actually be remembered that the featured Chinese products where actually harmful to use, because of the dangerous chemical substances that where present within these products. As emphasized by mainstream corporate media, and backed by the west’s powerful multinational corporations, they accused that all of China’s products that were being exported to the world market where of substandard quality, and that aside from the fact that it poses serious health risks to consumers worldwide, it a lso poses a major threat to the world economy, given that this is actually a form of unfair competition on the supposed to be fair free market, along the line of trade liberalization. However, this work of art by Ai Weiwei just stood in contrast to such

Is the USA Trying to Seek Control on China Research Paper - 1

Is the USA Trying to Seek Control on China - Research Paper Example Barack Obama has recently suggested that they are trying their best to pull out their manufacturing process from China in an attempt to dent their economy. Moving on, in the second statement made in this research paper, it is a known fact that china has been trying to influence markets outside Asia to come and invest in their country. USA has been trying to contain the influx of FDI from their country towards China in order to manage the currency of China. â€Å"US interest in Asia revolves around containing China and the growth of the SCO, and securing under its economic sphere of influence, the most populous region in the world. Asia is home to 4.14 billion people or 59 percent of the world’s population.† USA has been putting its efforts to further exercise control on the military might of the Chinese. The important factor here to note that is the fact that USA wants to build a strong far east base to counter any future attacks by China over the USA, since the Chinese missiles are capable of destroying the majority of the major cities of the USA. Moving onto the fourth point, the USA is seeking China as a major economic threat, which plans to control and maximize the potential available to them in order to take away all the major jobs from the citizens of the USA. The economy of the USA is at a current downfall, while the economy of China is on the rising. One of the primary reasons behind this is the fact that China is deploying majority of its jobs into fields, which are hurting the European, and the American consortium. Moving onto the next important aspect of the attempts made by the USA to curb the growth of China has been the attempts to immobilize the workers of China settled in the USA who are continuously sending in Foreign Direct Investment in their home country of China as a mark of improving the economy of China. It is imperative to understand that Chinese settled in abroad have the highest grossing number of FDI influx to their home country. USA’s retaliation to the same has been its attempts to devalue the currency of China, however, this has been happening at a very subtle pace.

Telecommunting at work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Telecommunting at work - Research Paper Example However, not all potential workers are willing to travel every day to work and this is why several people have decided to work from home instead. It helps that technology has been developed in such a way that work can be delivered even without â€Å"physical proximity† of the worker to his/her workplace (Pilskin, 1997). The practice of telecommuting has become even more of a trend because of the popularity of electronic data mode of communication (Davies et al., 1996). However, despite the advantages of telecommuting, the same does not come without its own share of disadvantages as well. This is what this paper seeks to determine, as well as the way telecommuting works and how it is being managed. The Advantages of Telecommuting for the Employee Harpaz (2002) has determined some of the advantages of telecommuting for employees. It must be noted that there are advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for the employees and the company that supports such a practice. And it t urns out that some of the pros and cons for the employee may not coincide with that of the company. The following paragraphs will illustrate this point, starting with the advantages of telecommuting for the telecommuters themselves. According to Harpaz (2002), there are seven advantages felt or experienced by the telecommuter by working in the comforts of his/her own home. These are 1) â€Å"autonomy/ independence† because obviously, since the employee is not being supervised, there is an increased chance that he/she would be more productive due to the increased level of responsibilities expected of the said employee. 2) â€Å"Flexible working hours† is a self-explanatory advantage because the telecommuter has more freedom to take on the job either in the evening or at night and there is the increased time to balance tasks that are not within the sphere of work, 3) â€Å"Improved time management† is another advantage, Because of telecommuting, the telecommuter i s less prone to getting distracted (by other employees for instance). 4) â€Å"More efficient management of free time† because the telecommuter can balance his/her time more effectively and efficiently. Time can be set aside for taking up a hobby or other activities not related to work. 5) â€Å"Savings in travel time and expenses† because the telecommuter need not spend money to travel to and from the workplace. The company itself need not also spend for the employee’s travel expenses. 6) â€Å"Flexibility in caring for family members† is related to the previous advantages mentioned. Because of the time saved from being distracted and from traveling to and from the workplace, the employee can instead, use this time for his/ her responsibility and finally, the last point, 7) â€Å"professional flexibility.† The employee is given more freedom to pursue other interests or even another job. The Advantages of Telecommuting for the Firm The company itse lf that encourages telecommuting also experiences a number of advantages as well. One of these is the decreases in â€Å"operating expenses.† For instance, instead of spending a considerable amount of financial resources on real estate (for office space), the company can instead channel their resources

People who care about the Earth Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People who care about the Earth - Term Paper Example Compared to other biogas plant system, for example, the one that uses dung and sewerage, the system that uses food waste is pro- active since a small amount of food waste produces a lot of energy and only in a shorter period of time compared to the other conventional biogas system that uses dung and sewerage which requires up to over one month to complete the reaction and produce electrical energy (Pimm and Thomas 14). To be precise, two kilograms of food waste takes around 24 hours to complete the reaction after which approximately 500g of energy are produced in the form of methane. This invention of ARTI Biogas plant clearly indicates that it is the most efficient biogas system as it produces results with over approximately 800 times as efficient compared to other biogas systems (Bill 50). A brief history of people who invented the solar system includes Alexandre Edmond, who was instrumental in explaining how electricity can be harvested from sunlight (Frankham, David and Jonathan 46). Russell Ohl came later and invented the solar cell. The panel composed of particular metals which would emit electrons after being hit by direct sunlight. The electrons then flow through a conductor that then creates electricity. The use of solar power through the use of sunlight is increasingly efficient since it generates a lot of electricity without posing a threat to the universe through waste emissions and pollution. Solar panels are also considered efficient since they have a long lifespan meaning that it is quite reliable (Bill 56). Another individual who has contributed to conserving the planet is Tom Krimigis. Tom spent over 45 years of inventing and exploring the solar system. Tom even went ahead and won an achievement trophy, the National Air and Space Museum’s Trophy, which is currently the highest museum’s honor. Tom was highly instrumental in coming up with

Sao Paulos Climate Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sao Paulos Climate - Case Study Example This climate has remained relatively stable for decades; the last reported snow storm occurred in 1918 (Sau Paoulo Climate and Weather). Sao Paulo is the richest city in Brazil and the southern hemisphere, and it is also the most populated. It holds over 11,000,000 residents and is over 1500 square kilometers. The city is growing at such a fast and expansive rate that much of its infrastructure has had difficulty evolving and meeting the needs of the growth. Energy production has therefore been very, very chaotic. The state has been able to produce more electicity than the plants in both Argentina and Chile, but because of the constant increase in population, power outages are becoming a presence and a threat. An increase in the electrical supply of the city is needed. Furthermore, the existence of geothermal plants, as well as imports of natural gas and cogeneration are becoming more vital to the city's survival (Henkin). With these problems in mind, it is important to consider the question: To what extent do "ecological" materials satisfy the thermal necessities of a building in a city of Tropical climate as So Paulo With the current energy crisis abounding, it appears that necessities provided by energy, including air conditioning in climate control, are being threatened. However, considering the fact that this is a city in a tropical climate, one item that the city may wish to consider and invest in is that of solar power. Solar power could help to answer the energy crisis, and thus also assist with the thermal necessities in a city in a tropical climate. While the initial investment may be costly, the strategy would certainly pay for itself in the end, benefit the city overall, and help to solve the problems of energy existing today. Urban heat in the island areas itself has been a reported problem that could be put to use and gain significant energy features. For instance, many islanders report that the climate can be quite hot in February. Since this is an island affected by its location under the equator, heat can be extreme at the peak seasons. This means that buildings will be using more climate control features, such as air conditioning, to protect customers and themselves from inevitable health concerns, like heat stroke. Further energy shortages are always expected during these months because of this inevitable behavior. However, if the heat and sunlight can be harnessed and put into good effect, it could actually solve the energy efficiency problem, and thus the island could use one of its own energy resources to help with the climate during the hotter months. The sunlight exposure present at Sao Paulo also brings a few other items to light that one must need to consider. This concept is that of electromagnetic radiation, including UVA, UVG, and UVC. Most individuals know that some sun exposure, if it is slight, can be beneficial to one's health. In fact, a lack of sunlight can make individuals feel depressed. However, too much sun is also dangerous, and can cause detrimental effects to one's health, including sunburns, heatstroke, and skin cancer. These factors need to be considered for those living in the city. Works Cited Henkin, S. "Sao Paulo: Urbanization Run Amok." World and I, Vol. 14, August 1999. Sau Paulo

People who care about the Earth Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People who care about the Earth - Term Paper Example Compared to other biogas plant system, for example, the one that uses dung and sewerage, the system that uses food waste is pro- active since a small amount of food waste produces a lot of energy and only in a shorter period of time compared to the other conventional biogas system that uses dung and sewerage which requires up to over one month to complete the reaction and produce electrical energy (Pimm and Thomas 14). To be precise, two kilograms of food waste takes around 24 hours to complete the reaction after which approximately 500g of energy are produced in the form of methane. This invention of ARTI Biogas plant clearly indicates that it is the most efficient biogas system as it produces results with over approximately 800 times as efficient compared to other biogas systems (Bill 50). A brief history of people who invented the solar system includes Alexandre Edmond, who was instrumental in explaining how electricity can be harvested from sunlight (Frankham, David and Jonathan 46). Russell Ohl came later and invented the solar cell. The panel composed of particular metals which would emit electrons after being hit by direct sunlight. The electrons then flow through a conductor that then creates electricity. The use of solar power through the use of sunlight is increasingly efficient since it generates a lot of electricity without posing a threat to the universe through waste emissions and pollution. Solar panels are also considered efficient since they have a long lifespan meaning that it is quite reliable (Bill 56). Another individual who has contributed to conserving the planet is Tom Krimigis. Tom spent over 45 years of inventing and exploring the solar system. Tom even went ahead and won an achievement trophy, the National Air and Space Museum’s Trophy, which is currently the highest museum’s honor. Tom was highly instrumental in coming up with

The Right to Property Essay Example for Free

The Right to Property Essay Every person in this worls has the right to own a property according to availability of the same. This ownership is founded on his right to live and survive. However, the ownership of a property is subject to certain things that may be out of control of the person. These pertains to the inherent right of the government to act on every matter relating to its subjects. Based on principles and concepts, the ownership of property is very intricate as it involves complicated processes in the political system. Different countries do not have the same rules relating to property rights. As such, one rule may not be applicable to other people. However, no matter how complicated the processes may be, each individual with respect to his morals, nature, needs and other important factors may basically hamper the inherent right of every government to exercise its power. It is true that the government has the power govern the people based on the need of governmental existence, however, these right has its limitations. As every person is also entitled to his right to live a good life, these natural rights actually protect a persons property from any intervention from the government no matter what kind of intervention it may be. Ownership comprises the right to possess, the right to use, the right to manage, the right to the income of the thing, the right to the capital, the right to security, rights or incidents of transmissibility and absence of terms, the prohibition of harmful use, liability to execution, and the incident of residuarity. All these things may simply be understood on the right of every person to enjoy his property, a right to own or possess the same, the right to even destroy it and the right to exclude other people from its use in line with applicable laws. This is in line with the interplay of fact of ownership by a person and the right of the government to subject every person under the rule of law. The right to possess means the right to be put in exclusive control of a thing and enjoy the thing itself according to his will including the right to remain in control. It also include the claim that others should not without permission, interfer the exercise of ownership. The right or liberty to use at ones discretion has rightly been recognized as a cardinal feature of ownership and the fact that, as we shall see, certain limitations also occur. There is a need to follow this limitation in order to make the society harmonious. If we fail to do the same, the use of property without fundamental laws to follow will cause so much trouble in the political system. The right to manage is the right to decide how and by whom the thing owned shall be used. This decision shall rest from the discretion of the owner of the property. As such, he has the right to transfer or let other person use his own property. We should know that ownership has never been absolute. It has been subject to incidents of ownership as the prohibition of harmful use, liability to execution for debt, to taxation and to expropriation under the exercise of the inherent right of the government on eminent domain through public authority. Emphasis on the social aspect of ownership has, however, varied from age to age. Those sacred and inviolable rights, which, according to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, no one could be forced to cede except for public necessity have become, in French law for instance, liable to expropriation on grounds of public utility and subject to a general doctrine forbididng abuse. According to the liberal conception of ownership, there is a sharp distinction between 3 government and ownership. Though, in a loose sense, the said has the right to exercise the power of eminent domain over at least theland comprising its territory, this does not carry with it rights to possess enjoyment or even to alienate it, so that the sense in which the state is owner is very loose indeed. The interest of the state, according to this conception is confined to power of expropriation and a minimum of restrictive regulation, together with the expectancy of acquiring property as legally vacant or by escheat in some instances (Honore 113). This will give us the idea that the state can only hold a property of a person under the exercise of expropriation and other regulations that the government are required to implement. Another concept that is widely related to ownership and use of private property is socialism. Socialism has led to a revised view of the relation between government and ownership, at leat as regards some important types of property, such as land and business. This will mean, pertaining to practice, that the owners privileges of using and powers of managing a thing a she wishes have been curtailed and that the social interest in the productive use of things has been affirmed by legislation. In the negative, this process has meant that, in the interests of health and comfort, many substances cannot be used at all or can only be used in certain ways. For example, the sale of drugs is automatically controlled as it is harmful to the people, only smokeless fuel may be used in certain areas and garden hoses may not be used at certain periods. Such situations multiplied a thousand fold, have come to seem so natural that we hardly realize that the social interest in the use of things, the conservation of resources and in the details of manufacturing processes in a modern, though it is also a primitive, conception. 4 Now, another thing will be added to explain what has been expounded earlier. Positive control by the state shades into prohibition. The positive duty to exploit ones property in a socially beneficial way, as opposed to the prohibition of a harmful exploitation, has not been generally imposed as its implications fully worked out. It has something to do with the prohibition to use properties that may cause nuisance with other people or anyhting that will do bad things against other persons. A different form of state control is exercised by drawing a distinction between different types of ownership. The difference lies, of course, in the right of government officials to interfere in the management of the former categories and in state regulation of income rights deriving from the property, also in differing rules about alienation. In this way, the sphere of operation of ownership in the liberal sense is narrowed and a form of state participation in management substituted in the remaining sphere. These differences may be seen in the actual interplay of the implementation of property laws. Another form of social control consists in the exercise by officials of the management of things in ther private ownership of the state. Such arrangements present the form but not the substance of ownership in the liberal sense. Management and enjoyment are actually divided and political control, directly or indirectly, is exercised over the allocation of resources and the uses to which the thing owned is put. The nationalized industries in the United Kingdom folow this knid of pattern control. The next social control may be exercised by a restriction on the type of thing that is subject to ownership by persons other than the state, a sin the Russian building lease, where the building is owned by a private individual, the land remaining in state ownership. In effect, this restricts the privileges of the building owner in the general interest. 5 For us to understand the details on how government exercise of power was hampered by the natural rights of man to own different kinds of property, we will illustrate it by giving a concrete example. We will view a scenario that was given by Waldron when for instance a person owns a car. When a person owns a car, he has the legal capacity to use it in a certain way (Waldron 27). But it is true only in some circumstances. The owner of the car is not at liberty to drive it on the footpath or to drive it anywhere at a speed faster than seventy m. p. h. There is no liberty to drive it also without a license from the authorities because that would be illegal. The owner of the car has also the right not to let them use car without permission. However, the use of the car should not be a nuisance to his neighbors or should be in a good condition. As such, he may be liable to damages if it rolls into his neighbors fence. We should remember that these rights, liberties and duties are the basic stuff of ownership. But legal relations can be changed. If the person owns a car, he is in a position to change them. He has the power to sell it or give it to somebody else, in which case all the legal relations change. He has to take on the duties and limited rights of a non-owner of the car and someone else take son the rights, liberties, duties and powers of ownership. Or perhaps he lends or hires the car, that invokes a temporary and less extensive change in legal realtions. He can even bequeath the car in his will and testament so that someone else will take over his property rights when he dies. These are his powers to change his leagl situations or relations and that of others if he is the owner of the car. Finally, she may also, in certain circumstances, have his own legal position altered in relation to the car for instance, he is liable to have the car seized in execution of a judgment summons for debt.